|  Private sector and human-resource development in Georgia |
|
BLR
|
BLR
|
UKR
|
BLR
|
KAZ
|
IDN
|
|
10
|
POL
|
MDA
|
KGZ
|
KEN
|
KAZ
|
POL
|
TKM
|
TJK
|
Source: State Department of Statistics,
author’s estimates
Table7. Household Contribution to Total
Production
All of Georgia excluding Abkhazia
|
|
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
|
Production
by Households, tons
|
25,942
|
8,160
|
21,390
|
|
Total
Production, tons
|
60,330
|
23,999
|
23,000
|
|
Household
Share in Total Production, percent
|
0.43%
|
0.34%
|
0.93%
|
Source:
State Department of Statistics, author's estimates
|
Georgian
Foreign Trade Statistics. In 2002 Georgian foreign trade turnover (registered) totalled
US$1045,0 million, that is 104,6 % of previous year's data for the
appropriate period. From this export is US$325,0 million (101,5% accordingly)
and import -US $720,0 million (106,1%). Negative trade balance of Georgian
trade for 2002 stood at US$395,0 million.
The following table shows the trends in Georgia's trade balance:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of
Countries
|
Foreign Trade
Balance - US$ million
|
|
Negative trade balance
|
|
Year 2001
|
88
|
378,8
|
|
Year 2002
|
89
|
454,2
|
|
Positive trade balance
|
|
Year 2001
|
30
|
20,1
|
|
Year 2002
|
40
|
59,2
|
|
All trade partners
|
|
Year 2001
|
118
|
358,7
|
|
Year 2002
|
129
|
395,0
|
|
In 2002 Georgia had
a negative trade balance with 89 partner countries, with whom the trade gap
amounted 454,2 million US Dollars in comparison with the last year when the
same figure was indicated by 378,8 million US $ with 88 partner countries.
Georgia had a positive trade balance of US $ 59,2 million with 40 countries,
and in 2001 with 30 countries (positive balance of US $ 59,2 million).
In 2002 the foreign trade with CIS countries have increased. The 30.6% of the
trade gap covers these countries (29.7% for the same period of the last
year). The foreign trade with CIS countries amounted US $ 4337.4 million in
2002 (the amount increased by 10.6% in comparison with the same period of the
year 2001). CIS countries share 41,9% of Georgia's foreign trade turnover,
among them exports share 48,7% and imports 38,8% (accordingly 39.6%; 45.1%
and 37.0% - in the year 2001).
Trade turnover with Russia reflected US $ 162.8 million and has declined by
1.2% in comparison with the same period of the year 2001, and Georgian
foreign trade turnover with Russia have decreased by 0.9 per cent points from
16.5% to 15.6%.
Georgian
Foreign Trade: 2001-2002 (in US$ millions)
Georgia's Top Ten Export
Destinations in 2002 (in US$ millions)
Major export products in
2002 (in US$ millions)
|
Overview
of Georgian Construction Sector. Georgian construction sector mainly consists
of civil, industrial, hydro-technical, transport, and communication
construction projects.
The
construction sector was established long before the formation of the country as
a legal state and has passed from primitive buildings to complicated and
sophisticated complexes. Throughout various stages of the country’s
development, buildings and other construction projects reflect the period in
which they were built. For nearly the last two centuries Georgia was part of
the Russian empire and the Soviet Union, thus, the development of the
construction sector was in accordance with the laws and conditions accepted by
Russia and the FSU, i.e. massive construction of industrial facilities. During
that period the construction sector employed almost 250,000 people and produced
construction materials worth approximately US$1.5 million annually.
After
the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Georgian construction sector ceased
development, which was mainly caused by the political, social and economic
conditions of the country (i.e. a coup, civil war, and armed conflicts in
Abkhazia and South Osetia), and also by non-efficient, highly energy consuming
technologies and outdated equipment and machinery. As a result, almost one hundred
percent of the construction factories and facilities ceased functioning.
During
the early ‘90s, when Georgia became independent and positioned itself towards
democracy and integration into the world economy, the Georgian construction
sector realized that it was totally unprepared to meet the demands and
standards of country’s development phase. The main negative aspects
characterizing such non-preparedness were:
1.
Non-efficient
and partially destroyed equipment and machinery.
2.
Lack of
investment in majority spheres of construction (except private construction).
3.
Weak
management of the sector from the government’s side.
4.
Lack of
professional managers and specialists with knowledge of international
principles.
5.
Great need
of specialized trainings for the staff.
6.
Harsh
economic condition of scientific, projecting and architecture institutions.
7.
Import of
foreign construction materials and workforce.
Among
other important factors, considering the importance and crucial character of
the construction industry for the country’s economic development, the Georgian
government made several positive steps towards rehabilitation of the
construction industry to create a favourable investment environment including
passing the law on promotion and guarantee of foreign investment activities,
and instituting a process of restructuring and privatisation. A few years ago
the government of Georgia launched a process of restructuring and privatisation
of large Soviet era construction enterprises. As a result, various
non-efficient, illiquid and monster enterprises have changed their
organizational structure and been converted into small cost and energy
efficient, liquid plants. Derived from the privatisation process the majority
of state construction companies have become private joint stock and limited
liability companies. In addition, a huge number of uncompleted construction
sites have been privatised and completed.
Main
Indicators of Development in the Construction Sector. The
slight revival and positive trends in the construction sector have been noticed
since 1995 – the period when the Georgian national currency the Lari (GEL) was
introduced.
The table below indicates the main
financial flow in the construction sector during 1995-2002 (first nine months).
|
Year
|
Monetary unit
|
Investment in main capital
|
Government investment
|
Construction and engineering work
|
Personal funds of population*
|
Foreign investment
|
|
1990
|
Million Rubles
|
2545
|
2233
|
1313
|
93
|
-
|
|
1991
|
2698
|
2435
|
1882
|
140
|
-
|
|
1992
|
12368
|
11521
|
8636
|
532
|
-
|
|
1993
|
Billion Coupon
|
311
|
142
|
270
|
168
|
-
|
|
1994
|
55821
|
30769
|
41758
|
25000
|
-
|
|
1995
|
Million Lari
|
127
|
65
|
90
|
19
|
43
|
|
1996
|
170
|
60
|
91
|
24
|
86
|
|
1997
|
266
|
67
|
114
|
19
|
180
|
|
1998
|
512
|
915
|
244
|
16
|
401
|
|
1999
|
364
|
119
|
248
|
76
|
169
|
|
2000
|
349
|
141
|
181
|
89
|
119
|
|
2001
|
362
|
201
|
101
|
33
|
128
|
|
2002
|
246
|
158
|
86
|
59
|
29
|
Source: Ministry of Construction and Urbanization
* The construction of dwellings in
Georgia is mainly based on up-front deposits made by people who will live there
after the construction is completed.
According to the table
investments in main capital from 1995-2002 constitutes 2396 million Georgian
Lari (1109 million USD) which includes: Government investment – 906 million GEL
(419 million USD) – 37.8%, personal funds of the population – 335 million GEL
(155 million USD) – 14.0%, foreign investment – 1155 million GEL (534 million
USD) – (48.2%). Derived from this data we can state that investment in main
capital shows a trend toward a positive increase (+2.7) from 1995-2001 compared
to 1995. In addition, the increase in foreign investment is quite noticeable.
This was mainly due to the construction of the oil pipeline and Supsa oil
terminal in 1998.
In 2002 the positive developments in
the construction sector continue to accelerate, resulting in construction of
545 buildings, among theses are the construction of a new Marriott hotel, 62
stores, 38 gas stations, and 12 food outlets (all in Tbilisi).
Market
demand (Construction Materials). Even
though several local construction material manufacturing plants have been
restructured and rehabilitated, the goods manufactured by them do not have a
high demand among Georgian customers. Mainly this is due to low quality and
narrow assortment. The only Georgian made product of comparatively good quality
is cement, produced by the Rustavcement and Kaspicement companies. This
situation represents a good opportunity for U.S. firms to invest in and/or
upgrade local building materials manufacturing plants. Presently, product
imported from Turkey, Dubai, Iran and Russia occupies almost 95% of the
Georgian building materials market. Even though they are perceived to be of a
lower quality, the majority of people still buy them because of the low price.
Nevertheless, another Georgian customer segment, the high income family, still
prefers building materials made in the U.S. or Europe, due to the high quality
and regardless of the higher price.
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