|  Private sector and human-resource development in Georgia |
|
0,04
|
|
1999
|
364
|
169
|
46,4
|
1,7
|
|
2000
|
349
|
119
|
34,1
|
0,4
|
Source: SDS, 25.01.2001
Foreign
investments in fixed capital by fields and years
(in actual prices, mln Lari)
|
|
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
|
Foreign
investments
|
42,9
|
86,4
|
179,9
|
401,0
|
168,6
|
119,0
|
128,2
|
|
The same in US$
|
33,2
|
68,5
|
138,6
|
271,2
|
83,1
|
60,2
|
62,2
|
|
Of which: Agriculture
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0,2
|
6,0
|
1,3
|
|
|
Food industry
|
2,6
|
3,2
|
4,4
|
19,9
|
14,8
|
17,6
|
|
|
The same Gagua (EK 3/4/00
|
|
3,455
|
4,902
|
21,714
|
|
|
|
|
Sum
|
2,6
|
3,2
|
4,4
|
20,1
|
20,8
|
18,9
|
|
|
% of Foreign Investments
|
6,1
|
3,7
|
2,4
|
5,3
|
12,3
|
15,9
|
|
Source: Investment activities in Georgia, State Statistic
Department, 1999
Most Exportable Agricultural
Products.
Georgian
Wines. Georgia
is known as the birthplace of viticulture and winemaking and has 5000 years of
wine culture. The rich land, hot sun and hard work have developed about 500
varieties of wine in Georgia.
According
to the State Department of Statistics exports of different types of Georgian
wine during first nine month of the 2001 made up 18186,5
thousand USD which is 7,8 percent of the total Georgian exports.
At the end of the 20th
century, the collapse of the Soviet Union has caused an economic decline in
Georgia, which negatively affected the Georgian wine sector. To be more precise
– the overall territory of vineyards has decreased by 50%, (1990 – 112,6
thousand hectares, 2000y – 60,5 thousand hectares). This tendency was mainly
caused by the following reasons: lack of enough funds among farmers to purchase
chemicals, technical devices and machines for vine cultivation, also huge
numbers of farmers had to convert their vineyards into land to grow edible
products such as corn, vegetables, and grain.
In addition, from the mid 1990s
the tendency of vineyard rehabilitation has been quite dynamic, still the total
area of vineyards is far less than it was even 20 years ago.
Table # 1 Tendency of wine sector
development for the last ten years
|
Sector
|
Measure
|
1981-85 average
per year
|
1986-90 average
per year
|
1990
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
|
Total area of vineyards
|
(1000)
Hectares
|
137,4
|
116,1
|
112,6
|
94,2
|
94,0
|
72,0
|
70,0
|
60,1
|
60,5
|
61,5
|
|
Production of grape
|
(1000)
Tones
|
768,0
|
712,0
|
691,0
|
160,0
|
342,0
|
370,0
|
370,0
|
219,0
|
210,0
|
170,0
|
|
Grape
Processing
|
(1000)
Tones
|
564,3
|
422,5
|
433,5
|
38,0
|
60,0
|
46,0
|
23,5
|
29,5
|
34,4
|
19,1
|
|
Production of wine materials
|
(1000)
decaliters
|
21969,0
|
14997,0
|
16283
|
3670
|
2223
|
3121,6
|
2303,8
|
1859,2
|
1816
|
1900
|
|
Production of champagne and sparkling wines
|
(1000) decalitres
|
1375,7
|
1526
|
1451
|
49,2
|
94,6
|
75,6
|
40,3
|
64,7
|
87,9
|
88,35
|
|
Production of Brandy
|
(10000 decaliters
|
1563
|
1865
|
2165
|
158
|
135
|
82.,3
|
37,8
|
30,4
|
70,6
|
71,0
|
|
Production of the liqueur
|
(10000decaliters)
|
937.0
|
523,0
|
822
|
103
|
132
|
251
|
112,7
|
473,0
|
430,0
|
569,0
|
Source: Samtrest, Ministry of Agriculture.2002
Even though the Georgian wine
sector is famous for its 500 traditional grape varieties, the vast majority is
currently grown and available only in limited areas and numbers. Traditionally
in accordance with climate and soil characteristics – Georgia is divided into 5
main wine producing regions. Kakheti, Kartli, Imereti, Racha-lechkhumi and the
Black Sea Subtropical zone.
In accordance with the development
and strength of the wine sector Kakheti could be easily considered as the
leader. The region is characterized by huge variety of grapes and assortment of
wine.
From the structural point of view,
80% of Georgian vineyards is allocated to white grapes: Rkaciteli amounts to
almost 75% of all white wines and the remaining 25% is allocated to Cicka,
Colikauri, Mcvane, and Tetra. The dominant type in red grapes is presented by
Saperavi which holds 70%. The remaining 30% is allocated to the following red
grapes: Aleksandriuli, Mijuretuli, Ojaleshi, and Vaios Saperavi.
Table # 2 below indicates the
total area by regions (1000 hectares) as of year 2001.
|
Region
|
State Vineyards
|
Private Vineyards
|
Total
|
|
Kakheti
|
1,35
|
43,73
|
45,08 (~ 75%)
|
|
Kartli
|
0,18
|
5,83
|
6,01 (~10%)
|
|
West Georgia
|
0,27
|
8,74
|
9,01 (~15%)
|
|
Total
|
1,8
|
58,3
|
60,1 (100%)
|
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, 2002
Table #3 below indicates the information on main types of Georgian
grape, as of 2001
|
Species of grapes
|
Colour
|
Regions of
prevalent
|
Sugar content (%)
|
General acidity
(%)
|
Yield of Grapewine
(kg)
|
|
Aladasturi
|
Red
|
Chokhatauri, Vani,
Bagdadi
|
19,5-20,0
|
8,8-9,2
|
2,0-2,5
|
|
Aleksandreuli
|
Red
|
Ambrolauri,
Tsageri, Oni
|
22.0-23,0
|
7,0-7,5
|
1,5-2,0
|
|
Chkaveri
|
Red
|
Chokhatauri,
Ozurgeti
|
19,5-21,0
|
8,1-9,6
|
1,8-2,0
|
|
Mtsvane
|
White
|
Telavi,Sagarejo,
Akhmeta
|
21,5-22,0
|
9,5-10,0
|
1,5-2,0
|
|
Ojaleshi
|
Red
|
Martvili, Tsageri
|
21.0-22,0
|
9,0-9,5
|
1,4-1,6
|
|
Rkatsiteli
|
White
|
Kakheti
|
19,0-20,-
|
6,0-6,5
|
1,4-1,5
|
|
Saperavi
|
Red
|
Kakheti
|
20,0-22,0
|
7,0-8,5
|
1,5-1,7
|
|
Tetra
|
White
|
Ambrolauri
|
20,0-22,0
|
7,5-8,5
|
1,5-1,7
|
|
Tsitska
|
White
|
Imereti,
Lanchkhuti
|
18,5-20,5
|
8,5-10,0
|
1,5-2,0
|
|
Tsolikauri
|
White
|
Imereti
|
19,0-21,5
|
9,0-10,5
|
1,5-2,0
|
|
Usakhelauri
|
White
|
Tsageri
|
19,0-21,0
|
7,5-9,0
|
1,4-1,8
|
|
Vaios Saperavi
|
Red
|
Keda
|
20,0-20,5
|
8,5-9,0
|
2,4-2,8
|
Source: Samtrest, Ministry of Agriculture, 2002
Today the production of two main
types of grapes per hectare of land is the Rkaciteli – 7.0-8.0 tons, and the
Saperavi – 5.0-6.0. These numbers are can increase by 25-35 % under normal
working conditions and with all necessary tools and machinery readily available.
By taking into consideration the
fact that during the grape processing period the market price for one kilogram
of white grape ranges from $0,10 to $0,20, which is slightly above of its base
price, then accordingly it could be forecasted that in the case of an increase
in the volume of grapes the price per kilo will drop and the farmer’s revenue
will increase, thus creating the ability for the farmer to procure some
necessary tools, chemicals and machinery and increase the volume of his grapes
for the next season. This could lead to the rehabilitation and positive
redevelopment of the whole Georgian wine sector, though it should be mentioned
that this positive tendency will not be implemented without sophisticated grape
processing factories and new export markets.
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