|  Private sector and human-resource development in Georgia |
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Political will
and strong commitment as well as human and financial resources are needed to
ensure environmental sustainability. If the governance environment and
institutional capacity improve, and if resources for environment and natural
resource management could be increased, it would be possible to meet
target 9.
About US$ 8-10 million annually will be
needed for the rehabilitation of old deteriorated existing systems and
expansion of access to piped water supply to an additional 0.5 million
people if the target 10 were to be met. Given current low level of
investments in the sector, it is unlikely that Georgia will meet this
target.
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Sectoral Growth. Agriculture,
industry, trade and transport dominate the structure of the Georgian economy.
Agriculture is the largest sector accounting for just under 20 percent of GDP
and 50 percent of employment, although its share in GDP has decreased
steadily (from over 30 percent of GDP in 1996). Industry contributes about 14
percent of GDP and 6 percent of employment, with its share changing little.
The share of transport and telecommunications has nearly tripled from 4.6
percent in 1996 to 12.1 percent by 2002. Transport has been the fastest
growing sector, growing at over 20 percent annually because of the rapid
expansion of oil transit from the Caspian Sea. Although transport turnover has
tripled, it is still at one third of the pre-independence level. Other fast
growing sectors include construction and financial services. Trade has grown
slightly faster than overall GDP. Sectoral growth index is presented in Fig.
3.1.1.
According
to information from 2001 88.6% of the economically active population was
employed, thus the unemployment rate was 11.4%.
The
distribution of the employed work force by economic sectors is as follows:
|
|
Sector
|
%
|
|
Agriculture & forestry,
fishery
|
53,4
|
|
Mining Industry
|
0,3
|
|
Processing Industry
|
6,5
|
|
Energy, gas or water production
and supply
|
1,2
|
|
Construction
|
1,6
|
|
Trade & household goods
technical service
|
8,6
|
|
Hotels & Restaurants
|
0,9
|
|
Transport, Warehouse economy and
communications
|
4,0
|
|
Financial mediation
|
0,7
|
|
Operations with real estate, lease
(rent) and business activity, research and projecting works
|
2,1
|
|
State management and self-defense,
compulsory social insurance
|
5,8
|
|
Education
|
7,4
|
|
Health care and social service
|
4,3
|
|
Other communal, social and
personal service, culture, entertainment, rest
|
2,4
|
|
Hired (engaged) service in private
domestic economy
|
0,4
|
|
Ex-territorial (International)
organization
|
0,1
|
|
Unidentified
|
0,1
|
|
Total
|
100
|
According
to 2001 data, the minimum subsistence level for a medium sized family (4
persons) at average prices was 205.2 GEL.
Introduction. Only 44 percent of Georgia’s
land is used for agriculture. Twenty-six percent is arable land, 9 percent is
used for perennials, 65 percent is pastureland, and 0.4 percent is fellow land.
Sixty percent of the arable land needs artificial irrigation. The soil is
mainly moderately fertile and easy to cultivate. Table 1 below shows the
distribution of the agricultural land by agricultural product.
Table 1 Distribution of
Agricultural Land by Product
|
Product
|
Land occupied (thousand ha)
|
|
Cereals
|
379,0
|
|
Citrus
|
10,9
|
|
Fruit
|
60,0
|
|
Potato
|
34,0
|
|
Sunflower
|
40,0
|
|
Tea
|
40,0
|
|
Vegetables
|
40,0
|
|
Vineyards
|
61,3
|
In the 20th century, Georgia became
a country of agro-industry, with well-developed agriculture and food industry
and with a good level of production. More than half of its GDP came under the
agro-industrial sector of the country; 47 - 48% of the main funds were
accumulated within the sector and it employed 41 - 42% of the total population
of Georgia.
Georgia used to be an important
exporter of food and one of the main suppliers of vegetables, tea, citrus
fruits, wine, mineral waters, brandy, canned and fresh vegetables and fruits to
the markets of the former Soviet Union. In the second half of the 1980s, the
Georgian share of the food market of the former Soviet Republics was 10
percent. The total amount of exported food products was 1.7 times more than imported
ones. The country is now undertaking actions to re-establish this exporting.
Since
independence in 1991 the country experienced many years of civil war and ethnic
conflicts, with 260,000 people internally displaced.
However,
Georgia's economy is still strongly linked to the Russian Federation and the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Approximately 50 percent of its trade
is with the CIS.
Agriculture
is a main source of income and employment for the majority of the population,
accounting for more then 30 percent of GDP. Output in the sector is only about
40 percent of its 1990 level, but employment in the sector has doubled and it
now accounts for over 50 percent of the total employment.
Land
privatisation has focused on the small-scale (household/subsistence) sector
with little real progress in restructuring the former large state farms. Land
reform has resulted in the allotment of small parcels of land up to 1.25
hectares to each rural family and the lease, through district authorities, of
state owned land to persons or legal entities, with the aim of creating a
subsistence sector for small farmers and a market sector controlled by large
leaseholders.
Private
producers account for the significant share of fruit, vegetable and livestock
production, when their share in wheat production is about two thirds of the
total wheat production in the country. The bulk of the domestic wheat
production is consumed on farms for food, seed or feed. Indications are that
only 20 percent of domestic production of wheat is marketed.
Low yields, also as a result of
poor infrastructure, inadequate access to credit for inputs and suitable
machinery, and high costs associated with transport and marketing have had a
negative impact on food production and the earning capacity of a significant
proportion of the population and thus on household food security.
The
state of irrigation and drainage systems is also a major constraint to
increasing crop yields and the competitiveness of domestic produce with
imports. More than 60 percent of grain, 60 percent of dairy products and 33
percent of meat consumed in the country are imported.
Agricultural
production in Georgia dropped sharply in 2000 due to a serious drought. WFP/FAO
Crop and Food Supply Assessment mission carried out in mid-August 2000
estimates that Georgia will face a severe food crisis due to the drought. This
situation is being exacerbated by on-going serious economic problems.
After
droughts, agricultural production showed a slight increase of 5.6 percent in
2001, however the share of agricultural output in GDP dropped from 21 percent
in 2000 to 19.2 percent in 2001.
During
the present year, USAID has launched a five year program, called Support Value
Added Enterprise (SAVE) that will promote economic growth through expanded
production and sales of added-value agricultural products on international
markets. Through this program the US government will support agriculture
development through market expansion, standards on organic food production,
distribution, improved credit and whole-chain food distribution networks.
Key
Agriculture Indicators.
Agricultural
output per hectare of agricultural land and per capita (US $)
|
Year
|
Per 1 ha of
agricultural land
|
Per capita
|
|
1990
|
1195
|
725
|
|
1995
|
481
|
272
|
|
1996
|
539
|
302
|
|
1997
|
583
|
328
|
|
1998
|
531
|
301
|
|
1999
|
435
|
285
|
Source: Georgian Agriculture 1999
Agriculture
in GDP
|
1990
|
1991
|
1992
|
1993
|
1994
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
|
29,7
|
|
|
|
|
41,7
|
31,0
|
28,2
|
24,8
|
25,0
|
21,5
|
19,2
|
|
31,9
|
28,8
|
55,5
|
70,4
|
34,2
|
39,5
|
32,6
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: State Department for Statistics of Georgia (1st
Row), GEPLAC , 1997(2nd Row).
Trends
in Share of Total Agricultural Production, (%)
|
|
1985
|
1990
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
|
Crop production
|
68.1
|
68.7
|
58.4
|
49.8
|
59.3
|
56.4
|
56.8
|
45,8
|
|
Livestock Production
|
31.9
|
31.3
|
41.6
|
50.2
|
40.7
|
43.6
|
43.2
|
54,2
|
Source: SDS,
Georgian Agriculture 2000, p.9.
Agricultural
output (Current prices, mln. lari)
|
Agricultural Production
|
1980
|
1985
|
1990
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
|
Total production
|
3219
|
4167
|
5199
|
1851
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