will vanish: it will be possible to consider any place as a place of act

or this place is neutral, uncolored, nameless country. This method leads

to coloring losing that spoils very much any translation. The mark of

this translation is bad.

But it is worse when a translator substitutes origin realias for realias

from his own language. Doing it he also substitutes coloring of the

translated work for a strange coloring. If we wear a Kazak in Bulgarian

aba or anteria, tsarvulis, iamurluk, if we make him drink a wine from

buklista and to eat banitsa, a reader will recognize a Sofian shope but

not a Kazak.

And it will be the worst translation when a translator conveys original

means of motley words of different coloring and when a mixture of realias

takes place. For example, translated into Russia novel For Freedom by St.

Dichev. A redactor substitutes Bulgarian, Turkish, Greek and other

realias for regional and national realias of Soviet Union. Historical

realias he substitutes for modern words. Therefore Bulgarian gadulka was

turned into Ukraine bandura, gamurluk was turned into Caucasus burka,

pastarma was described as dried meat and Bulgarian banitsa was conveyed

as Russian pie. Several historical notions closely tied up with Bulgarian

culture have totally lost their national content. As a result of such

vicious attitude to the realias translation a reader gets unclear,

contradictory notions about described reality; the novel loses its

cognitive meaning and bright national coloring and considerable part of

its literary merits. Here we speak about distortion of original images in

the result of substitution of national and historical realias for not

characteristic to it realias, in other words, about leading to analogisms

and anachronisms in a text. Analogisms and anachronisms are realias that

do not correspond to local and time surrounding of origin text.

For example, we face with the word guillotine in the Bulgarian

translation of Sheakspear’s work: “Essex slowly mounted the guillotine.”

The mistake is not very grave from temporal point of view. There already

existed the machine for execution in XVI – XVII centuries in Italy and

Scotland and also in France where Duke de Monmorancy was beheaded with

the help of such machine. The mistake is that famous doctor Josef Ignak

Giyoten invented his machine that got his name only 200 years later. Here

we see the translator’s history unknowing. Of course, the word scaffold

should be used there. We can see it from the context: “ He slowly

mounted…” One can never mount the guillotine but only scaffold.

The reason of such mistakes regarding national and historical coloring is

connected with author’s or translator’s personality, his unknowing of

real facts and historical situation and sometimes their unknowing of some

principal positions of theory translation, for example, about bad results

of strange realia substitution for a realia from translator’s native

language.

CONCLUSION.

In 1827 Goethe wrote that translating labor was and remains one of the

most important and worthy matters connecting the entire universe

together. These words characterize translator as creative person who

carries works beyond the limits of one national culture and who serves

to people giving these fruits of this culture, created in new language

form or vice versa, including achievements of other nations in his

national science and culture. It is one of the evidences of the huge

human role of translation in the history of human civilization.

Every national culture solving its problems carries its contribution in

treasuring house of literature creating something that belongs only to

it, has significance for all nations and proves that there are not small

or big nations or inferior languages.

Extending of national culture confines with the help of translation has

a great positive and enriching influence on the language. It is true

that together with the translation many new ideas, discoveries, notions

and so on penetrate in the language and it leads to the appearance of

new language elements and figurative meanings. This fact is very

important while translating from literary language that is not fully

developed. Therefore the literary language enriches figurative

possibilities, national culture, and spiritual development of this

nation. Creative beginning of translation is premise of creative

attitude to native language, its source of faith in its possibilities

and beauty. Concerning this point the translator also has another task

to defend his native speech from borrowings-parasites that clog and make

it ugly, from strange forms that artificially could crowd out its own

national coloring.

The task and mission of the translator especially the translator of

feature literature is defense of the riches and beauty of the native

language, its unlimited abilities to convey all that is kept in the

greatest masterpieces of world literature.

Translated literature can also be the indicator of condition, degree of

development of national language. Poetical translation of Shakespeare’s

works by Boris Pasternak that are very rich, refined and expressive in

language might not appear if Russian language of his time remained on

the same level of development. In this case concrete condition of our

national language at the times of B. Pasternak can be put as condition

and factor of development of poetical and translating talent and vice

versa Pasternak's works are great contribution in the development of

Russian language.

The level of translated literature, the quality of translation also

assists to the development of national beginning in the literature of

nation.

"National beginning of literature, - I. R. Beher wrote, - is defined

with the fact of preservation, proceeding and creative development of

other literatures. The choice of elements that adopt it from literature

of other nations shows its own character and is judged if its indeed

national originality no."

Bibliography.

1. Влахов С., Флорин С. Непереводимое в переводе. Реалии.

"Министерство Перевода". Сборник статей. 1969. М., "Советский писатель",

1970.

2. Лилова А. Введение в общую теорию перевода. "Высшая школа" М., 1985.

3. Бархударов Я. С., Рецкер Я. И. Курс лекций по теории перевода. М., Изд-

во I МГПИПЯ, 1968.

4. Комиссаров В. Н. Слово о переводе. М., "Международные отношнния". 1973.

5. Комиссаров В., Рецкер Я., Тархов В. Пособие по переводу с английского

языка на русский. Часть I М., Изд-во литературы на иностранных языках,

1960; Часть II М., "Высшая школа", 1965.

6. Левицкая Т.Р., Фитермян А. М. Пособие по переводу с английского языка на

русский. М., "Высшая школа", 1973.

7. Толстой С.С, Основы перевода английского языка на русский, М., 2957.

8. Фёдоров А.В. Русские писатели и проблемы перевода. Л., 1960.

9. Левик В. "Мастерство перевода", М., 1959.

10. Гачечиладзе Т. Художественный перевод и литературные взаимосвязи. М.,

"Советский писатель", 1972.

11. Бархударов Л. С. Язык и перевод. М., 1975.

12. Комиссаров В. Н. Теория перевода. М., "Высшая школа", 1990.

13. Фёдоров А. В. Основы общей теории перевода. – М., 1983.

14. Швейцер А.Д. Теория перевода. – М., 1988.

15. Латышев Л.К. Курс перевода (эквивалентность перевода и способы её

достижения). – М., 1981.

APPENDIX.

In the appendix the author of this course paper analyses the preservation

of national coloring in the English novel written by Jane Austen Price and

Prejudice translated into Russian and stories Chameleon and Yonich written

by Anton Chekhov translaten into English. These both books are not the best

example swhere the national colorin gexists. But it is possible to judge

about the preservation of national coloring even basing on these books.

The preservation of English national coloring will be given at first.

1. ‘He came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was

so much delighted with it that he agreed with Mr Morris immediately;

that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his

servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.’

В понедельник он приезжал туда в карете, запряжённой четвёркой

лошадей, осмотрел поместье и пришёл в такой восторг, что тут же

условился обо всём с мистером Моррисом. Он приезжает к михайлову дню,

и уже в конце будущей недели туда приедет кое-кто из его прислуги.

Here the English word Michaelmas means 29 September the feast of St.

Michael and corresponds to “михайлов день” in Russian with only one

difference that “михайлов день” is celebrated later in Russia because

of difference in the calendars. It is possible to say that the

national coloring is preserved because in English and Russian text

there was not said the date but the name of the feast.

2. The ladies were somewhat more fortunate, for they had the

advantage of ascertaining from an upper window, that

he wore a blue coat and rode a black horse.

Дамы были несколько удачливей его: им посчастливилось увидеть

из верхнего окна, что на нём был синий сюртук и что он приехал на

вороной лошади.

Here the English word coat means outer garment with sleeves, buttoned

in the front and corresponds to the Russian word сюртук that is also

outer garment with sleeves, buttoned in the front and in Russian it

has long laps. It is possible for the Russian reader to imagine what

kind of garment Mr. Bingley wore.

3. Sir William Lucas had been formerly in trade in Meryton, where he had

made a tolerable fortune and risen to the honor of knighthood by an

address to the King , during his mayoralty.

Сэр Уильям Лукас ранее занимался торговлей в Меритоне, где

приобрёл некоторое состояние, а также титул баронета, благодаря

специальному обращению к королю, когда он был мэром там.

Here the English word mayoralty preserved its meaning and even

form in the Russian translation. In the Russian language the word мэр

does not exist that is why the translator used this word. But the

author of this course paper considers that the Russian word мэр should

be explained in Russian translation because only a few people of 19-th

century could know the exact meaning of the word мэр.

4. I flatter myself that my present overtures of good will are

highly

Commendable, and that the circumstance of my being next in the

entail of Longborn estate, will be kindly overlooked on your side, and

not lead you to reject the offered olive branch.

По этой причине я льщу себя надеждой, что вы благожелательно

отнесётесь к моему настоящему изъявлению доброй воли и не отвергнете

протянутую мной оливковую ветвь.

Here the phrase olive branch in English corresponds to Russian phrase

оливковая ветвь because in both languages this phrase means the symbol

of peace.

5. ‘Pray, my dear aunt, what is the difference in matrimonial

affairs, between the mercenary and the prudent motive?’

- Но, тётя, разве можно в матримониальных делах найти точную грань между

расчётливостью и благоразумием?

Here the English phrase matrimonial affairs fully correspond to the

Russian phrase матримониальные дела because the word matrimonial has

Latin origin. Therefore it is possible to say about preservation of

coloring in spite of its Latin origin.

6. It was two ladies stopping in a low phaeton at the garden

gate.

Они увидели двух дам, сидевших в низеньком фаэтоне, который

остановился у садовой калитки.

Here the English word phaeton corresponds to the Russian word фаэтон in

the meaning and form as well. In English and Russian phaeton means a

vessel for noble people.

Now the author of this course paper would like to analyze the non-

preservation of national coloring.

1. Sir William Lucas had been formerly in trade in Meryton, where

he had made a tolerable fortune and risen to the honor of knighthood

by an address to the King , during his mayoralty.

Сэр Уильям Лукас ранее занимался торговлей в Меритоне, где

приобрёл некоторое состояние, а также титул баронета, благодаря

специальному обращению к королю.

Here the honor of knighthood was translated into Russian as титул

баронета. The translator managed to reveal for Russian reader what the

honor of knighthood meant but the national coloring of the phrase was

erasured.

2. ‘Yes; these four evenings have enabled them to ascertain that

they both like Ving-un better than Commerce.

-Да, эти четыре вечера позволили им установить, что оба они игру в

«двадцать одно» предпочитают игре в покер.

3. Then, turning to Mr Bennet, he offered himself as his antagonist at

backgammon.

И, повернувшись к мистеру Беннету, он предложил ему сыграть партию в

триктрак.

Here the national coloring of English games does not

preserved because in the Russian translation they are only

substituted for their Russian equivalents.

4. About a month ago I received this letter.

Около месяца назад я получил вот эту эпистолу.

Here the English word letter has not national coloring but in

the Russian translation it has historical coloring that is used

to convey the formality of this letter.

Now the author of this course paper would like to analyze the preservation

of national coloring of Russian book by Anton Chechov translated into

English. Here two of his stories Chameleon and Yonich are analyzed.

The author of this course paper took some examples to show where the

national coloring is preserved and where it is not preserved. At first you

will see the examples where the national coloring is preserved.

1. Очумелов пересёк базарную площадь.

Ochumelov crossed the market-place.

2. В этом человеке он узнал Хрюкина.

He recognized in this individual Khryukin.

Here the Russian surnames Ochumelov and Khryukin preserved their

national coloring owing to footnotes in the English translation.

3. Доктор Старцев был назначен земским врачом.

Doctor Startsev was appointed Zemstvo medical officer.

Here the Russian word земский врач preserved its national coloring

but the author of this course paper thinks that the translator should

add a footnote with the explanation of this word.

4. Зато он охотно играл в винт.

But he played vint.

Here the national Russian game preserved its national coloring in the

translation.

Now the author of this course paper analyses the non-preservation of

national coloring.

1. За ним шагает городовой с решетом.

After him constable carried a sieve.

Here the Russian rank городовой does not preserve its national

coloring in the English translation because городовой is lower rank

in the city police in tsarist Russia and English constable is only a

policemen.

2. Я ему покажу Кузькину мать!

I’ll show him what’s what!

Here the non-preservation of Russian coloring is clearly seen. The

phrase показать Кузькину мать is very often used in the Russian

language even now.

3. Сердиться, шельма…

The little rascal’s angry.

Here the Russian word шельма is translated as little rascal. Шельма

in Russian means rascal but in English even using word little the

coloring is not completely conveyed because here Chekhov uses this

word to show Ochumelov’s tenderness towards this dog and he does not

offence it.

4. Он цигаркой ей в харю…

He burned the end of his nose with lifted cigarette.

Here the Russian word цигарка is translated into English as lifted

cigarette. Yes, цигарка is lifted cigarette but in the English

translation the Russian historical and national coloring of this word

is lost because now, for example, the word цигарка is not used any

more but it is quite understandable for Russoan reader.

5. Цуцик этакий!

What a pup!

Pup in English is only a small little dog but in Russian цуцик

besides these meaning also has a meaning of a person who feels cold

and is affreid. So it is clearly seen that the national coloring was

not preserved.

6. В губернском городе.

In a town.

Here is clearly seen the absence of the word губернский so the

national coloring is not preserved and the author of this course

paper thinks that the translator should explain the meaning of the

word.

7. С полверсты он прошёл пешком.

The last part he went on foot.

Here the Russian measure of length верста is not translated at

all. The author of this course paper thinks that the translator

should use this word in the English translation and give its meaning

in the footnote.

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