William Randolph Hearst's Journal in which there were no apparent

restraints on sensationalism or fabrication of news. When the Cubans

rebelled against Spanish rule, Pulitzer and Hearst sought to outdo each

other in whipping up outrage against the Spanish. Both called for war

against Spain after the U.S. battleship Maine mysteriously blew up and sank

in Havana harbor on February 16, 1898. Congress reacted to the outcry with

a war resolution. After the four-month war, Pulitzer withdrew from what had

become known as "yellow journalism." The World became more restrained and

served as the influential editorial voice on many issues of the Democratic

Party. In the view of historians, Pulitzer's lapse into "yellow journalism"

was outweighed by his public service achievements. He waged courageous and

often successful crusades against corrupt practices in government and

business. He was responsible to a large extent for passage of antitrust

legislation and regulation of the insurance industry. In 1909, The World

exposed a fraudulent payment of $40 million by the United States to the

French Panama Canal Company. The federal government lashed back at The

World by indicting Pulitzer for criminally libeling President Theodore

Roosevelt and the banker J.P. Morgan, among others. Pulitzer refused to

retreat, and The World persisted in its investigation. When the courts

dismissed the indictments, Pulitzer was applauded for a crucial victory on

behalf of freedom of the press. In May 1904, writing in The North American

Review in support of his proposal for the founding of a school of

journalism, Pulitzer summarized his credo: "Our Republic and its press will

rise or fall together. An able, disinterested, public-spirited press, with

trained intelligence to know the right and courage to do it, can preserve

that public virtue without which popular government is a sham and a

mockery. A cynical, mercenary, demagogic press will produce in time a

people as base as itself. The power to mould the future of the Republic

will be in the hands of the journalists of future generations."

In 1912, one year after Pulitzer's death aboard his yacht, the Columbia

School of Journalism was founded, and the first Pulitzer Prizes were

awarded in 1917 under the supervision of the advisory board to which he had

entrusted his mandate. Pulitzer envisioned an advisory board composed

principally of newspaper publishers. Others would include the president of

Columbia University and scholars, and "persons of distinction who are not

journalists or editors." In 2000 the board was composed of two news

executives, eight editors, five academics including the president of

Columbia University and the dean of the Columbia Graduate School of

Journalism, one columnist, and the administrator of the prizes. The dean

and the administrator are nonvoting members. The chair rotates annually to

the most senior member. The board is self-perpetuating in the election of

members. Voting members may serve three terms of three years. In the

selection of the members of the board and of the juries, close attention is

given to professional excellence and affiliation, as well as diversity in

terms of gender, ethnic background, geographical distribution, and in the

choice of journalists and size of newspaper.

THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PULITZER PRIZES

More than 2,000 entries are submitted each year in the Pulitzer Prize

competitions, and only 21 awards are normally made. The awards are the

culmination of a yearlong process that begins early in the year with the

appointment of 102 distinguished judges who serve on 20 separate juries and

are asked to make three nominations in each of the 21 categories. By

February 1, the Administrator's office in the Columbia School of Journalism

has received the journalism entries -in 2000, typically 1,516. Entries for

journalism awards may be submitted by any individual from material

appearing in a United States newspaper published daily, Sunday, or at least

once a week during the calendar year. In early March, 77 editors,

publishers, writers, and educators gather in the School of Journalism to

judge the entries in the 14 journalism categories. From 1964-1999 each

journalism jury consisted of five members. Due to the growing number of

entries in the public service, investigative reporting, beat reporting,

feature writing and commentary categories, these juries were enlarged to

seven members beginning in 1999. The jury members, working intensively for

three days, examine every entry before making their nominations. Exhibits

in the public service, cartoon, and photography categories are limited to

20 articles, cartoons, or pictures, and in the remaining categories, to 10

articles or editorials - except for feature writing, which has a maximum of

five articles. In photography, a single jury judges both the Breaking News

category and the Feature category. Since the inception of the prizes the

journalism categories have been expanded and repeatedly redefined by the

board to keep abreast of the evolution of American journalism. The cartoons

prize was created in 1922. The prize for photography was established in

1942, and in 1968 the category was divided into spot or breaking news and

feature. With the development of computer-altered photos, the board

stipulated in 1995 that "no entry whose content is manipulated or altered,

apart from standard newspaper cropping and editing, will be deemed

acceptable."

These are the Pulitzer Prize category definitions in the 2001 competition:

1. For a distinguished example of meritorious public service by a newspaper

through the use of its journalistic resources which may include editorials,

cartoons, and photographs, as well as reporting.

2. For a distinguished example of local reporting of breaking news.

3. For a distinguished example of investigative reporting by an individual

or team, presented as a single article or series.

4. For a distinguished example of explanatory reporting that illuminates a

significant and complex subject, demonstrating mastery of the subject,

lucid writing and clear presentation.

5. For a distinguished example of beat reporting characterized by sustained

and knowledgeable coverage of a particular subject or activity.

6. For a distinguished example of reporting on national affairs.

7. For a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs,

including United Nations correspondence.

8. For a distinguished example of feature writing giving prime

consideration to high literary quality and originality.

9. For distinguished commentary.

10. For distinguished criticism.

11. For distinguished editorial writing, the test of excellence being

clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, and power to influence

public opinion in what the writer conceives to be the right direction.

12. For a distinguished cartoon or portfolio of cartoons published during

the year, characterized by originality, editorial effectiveness, quality of

drawing, and pictorial effect.

13. For a distinguished example of breaking news photography in black and

white or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs, a

sequence or an album.

14. For a distinguished example of feature photography in black and white

or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs, a sequence or

an album.

While the journalism process goes forward, shipments of books totaling some

800 titles are being sent to five letters juries for their judging in these

categories:

1. For distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing

with American life.

2. For a distinguished book upon the history of the United States.

3. For a distinguished biography or autobiography by an American author.

4. For a distinguished volume of original verse by an American author.

5. For a distinguished book of non-fiction by an American author that is

not eligible for consideration in any other category.

The award in poetry was established in 1922 and that for non-fiction in

1962. Unlike the other awards which are made for works in the calendar

year, eligibility in drama and music extends from March 2 to March 1. The

drama jury of four critics and one academic attend plays both in New York

and the regional theaters. The award in drama goes to a playwright but

production of the play as well as script are taken into account.

The music jury, usually made up of four composers and one newspaper critic,

meet in New York to listen to recordings and study the scores of pieces,

which in 2000 numbered 100. The category definition states:

For distinguished musical composition of significant dimension by an

American that has had its first performance in the United States during the

year.

The final act of the annual competition is enacted in early April when the

board assembles in the Pulitzer World Room of the Columbia School of

Journalism. In prior weeks, the board had read the texts of the journalism

entries and the 15 nominated books, listened to music cassettes, read the

scripts of the nominated plays, and attended the performances or seen

videos where possible. By custom, it is incumbent on board members not to

vote on any award under consideration in drama or letters if they have not

seen the play or read the book. There are subcommittees for letters and

music whose members usually give a lead to discussions. Beginning with

letters and music, the board, in turn, reviews the nominations of each jury

for two days. Each jury is required to offer three nominations but in no

order of preference, although the jury chair in a letter accompanying the

submission can broadly reflect the views of the members. Board discussions

are animated and often hotly debated. Work done by individuals tends to be

favored. In journalism, if more than three individuals are cited in an

entry, any prize goes to the newspaper. Awards are usually made by majority

vote, but the board is also empowered to vote 'no award,' or by three-

fourths vote to select an entry that has not been nominated or to switch

nominations among the categories. If the board is dissatisfied with the

nominations of any jury, it can ask the Administrator to consult with the

chair by telephone to ascertain if there are other worthy entries.

Meanwhile, the deliberations continue.

Both the jury nominations and the awards voted by the board are held in

strict confidence until the announcement of the prizes, which takes place

about a week after the meeting in the World Room. Towards three o'clock

p.m. (Eastern Time) of the day of the announcement, in hundreds of

newsrooms across the United States, journalists gather about news agency

tickers to wait for the bulletins that bring explosions of joy and

celebrations to some and disappointment to others. The announcement is made

precisely at three o'clock after a news conference held by the

administrator in the World Room. Apart from accounts carried prominently by

newspapers, television, and radio, the details appear on the Pulitzer Web

site. The announcement includes the name of the winner in each category as

well as the names of the other two finalists. The three finalists in each

category are the only entries in the competition that are recognized by the

Pulitzer office as nominees. The announcement also lists the board members

and the names of the jurors (which have previously been kept confidential

to avoid lobbying).

A gold medal is awarded to the winner in Public Service. Along with the

certificates in the other categories, there are cash awards of $7,500,

raised in 2001 from $5,000. Four Pulitzer fellowships of $5,000 each are

also awarded annually on the recommendation of the faculty of the School of

Journalism. They enable three of its outstanding graduates to travel,

report, and study abroad and one fellowship is awarded to a graduate who

wishes to specialize in drama, music, literary, film, or television

criticism. For most recipients of the Pulitzer prizes, the cash award is

only incidental to the prestige accruing to them and their works. There are

numerous competitions that bestow far larger cash awards, yet which do not

rank in public perception on a level with the Pulitzers. The Pulitzer

accolade on the cover of a book or on the marquee of a theater where a

prize-winning play is being staged usually does translate into commercial

gain.

The Pulitzer process initially was funded by investment income from the

original endowment. But by the 1970s the program was suffering a loss each

year. In 1978 the advisory board established a foundation for the creation

of a supplementary endowment, and fund raising on its behalf continued

through the 1980s. The program is now comfortably funded with investment

income from the two endowments and the $50 fee charged for each entry into

the competitions. The investment portfolios are administered by Columbia

University. Members of the Pulitzer Prize Board and journalism jurors

receive no compensation. The jurors in letters, music, and drama, in

appreciation of their year-long work, receive honoraria, raised to $2,000,

effective in 1999.

Unlike the elaborate ceremonies and royal banquets attendant upon the

presentation of the Nobel Prizes in Stockholm and Oslo, Pulitzer winners

receive their prizes from the president of Columbia University at a modest

luncheon in May in the rotunda of the Low Library in the presence of family

members, professional associates, board members, and the faculty of the

School of Journalism. The board has declined offers to transform the

occasion into a television extravaganza.

The Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners is more than simply a roster of

names and biographical data. It is a list of people in journalism, letters,

and music whose accomplishments enable researchers to trace the historical

evolution of their respective fields and the development of American

society. We are indebted to Joseph Pulitzer for this and an array of other

contributions to the quality of our lives.

Seymour Topping was appointed Administrator of The Pulitzer Prizes and

Professor of International Journalism at the Graduate School of Journalism

of Columbia University in 1993. After serving in World War II, Professor

Topping worked for 10 years for The Associated Press as a correspondent in

China, Indochina, London, and Berlin. He left The Associated Press in 1959

to join The New York Times, where he remained for 34 years, serving as a

foreign correspondent, foreign editor, managing editor, and editorial

director of the company's 32 regional newspapers. In 1992-1993 he served as

president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. He is a graduate of

the School of Journalism at the University of Missouri.

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PUBLIC SERVICE Washington Post

Notably for the work of Katherine Boo that disclosed wretched neglect and

abuse in the city’s group homes for the mentally retarded, which forced

officials to acknowledge the

conditions and begin reforms.

BREAKING NEWS REPORTING Staff of Denver Post

For its clear and balanced coverage of the student massacre at Columbine

High School.

INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING

Sang-Hun Choe, Charles J. Hanley and Martha Mendoza of Associated Press

EXPLANATORY REPORTING

Eric Newhouse of Great Falls (Mont.) Tribune

For his vivid examination of alcohol abuse and the problems it creates in

the community.

BEAT REPORTING George Dohrman of St. Paul Pioneer Press

For his determined reporting, despite negative reader reaction, that

revealed academic fraud in the men’s basketball program at the University

of Minnesota.

NATIONAL REPORTING Staff of Wall Street Journal

For its revealing stories that question U.S. defense spending and military

deployment in the post-Cold War era and offer alternatives for the future.

INTERNATIONAL REPORTING Mark Schoofs of Village Voice

For his provocative and enlightening series on the AIDS crisis in Africa.

FEATURE WRITING J.R. Moehringer of Los Angeles Times

For his portrait of Gee’s Bend, an isolated river community in Alabama

where many descendants of slaves live, and how a proposed ferry to the

mainland might change it.

COMMENTARY Paul A. Gigot of Wall Street

Journal

For his informative and insightful columns on politics and government.

CRITICISM Henry Allen of Washington Post

For his fresh and authoritative writing on photography.

EDITORIAL WRITING John C. Bersia of Orlando Sentinel

For his passionate editorial campaign attacking predatory lending practices

in the state, which prompted changes in local lending regulations.

EDITORIAL CARTOONING

Joel Pett of Lexington (Ky.) Herald-Leader

BREAKING NEWS PHOTOGRAPHY

Photo Staff of Denver Rocky Mountain News

For its powerful collection of emotional images taken after the student

shootings at Columbine High School

.

FEATURE PHOTOGRAPHY

Carol Guzy, Michael Williamson and Lucian Perkins of Washington Post

For their intimate and poignant images depicting the plight of the Kosovo

refugees.

FICTION

Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri (Mariner Books/Houghton Mifflin)

DRAMA

Dinner With Friends by Donald Margulies

HISTORY

Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 by

David M. Kennedy (Oxford University Press

BIOGRAPHY OR AUTOBIOGRAPHY

Vera (Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov) by Stacy Schiff (Random House)

POETRY

Repair by C.K. Williams (Farrar, Straus and Giroux)

GENERAL NON-FICTION

Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II by John W. Dower (W.W.

Norton & Company/The New Press)

MUSIC

Life is a Dream, Opera in Three Acts: Act II, Concert Version by Lewis

Spratlan

Premiered on January 28, 2000 by Dinosaur Annex in Amherst, Mass. Libretto

by James Maraniss.

The List of used resources :

1. Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners by Elizabeth A. Brennan;

2. Joseph Pulitzer by Elizabeth C. Clarage; copyright 1999 by The Oryx

Press. Used with permission from The Oryx Press, 4041 N. Central Ave.,

Suite 700 Phoenix, AZ 85012, 800 279-6799.

3. www.oryxpress.com.

4. www.pulitzer.org/Archive/archive.html

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