British education

British education

British education emas us to develop fully the abilities of individuals,

for their own benefit and of society as a whole. Compulsory schooling

takes place between the agers of 5 and 16, but some pupils remain at shool

for 2 years more, to prepare for further higher education. Post shool

education is organized flaxebly, to provide a wide range of opportunities

for academic and vacational education and to continue studying through out

life.

Administration of state schools is decentralised. The department of

education and science is responsible for national education policy, but it

doesn\'t run any schools, if doesn\'t employ teachers, or prescribe

corricular or textbooks. All shools are given a considerable amount of

freedom. According to the law only one subject is compulsary. That is

religious instruction.

Children recieve preschool education under the age of 5 in nursery schools

or in infant\'s classes in primary schools.

Most pupils receive free education finenst from public fonds and the small

proportions attend schools wholy independent. Most independent schools are

single-sex, but the number of mixing schools is growing.

Education within the mantained schools system usually comprises two

stages: primary and secondary education. Primary schools are subdevided

into infant schools (ages 5 - 7), and junior schools (ages 7 - 11). Infant

schools are informal and children are encouraged to read, write and make

use of numbers and develop the creative abilities. Primary children do all

their work with the same class teacher exept for PT and music. The work is

beist upon the pupils interests as far as possible.

The junior stage extence over four years. Children have set pirits of

arithmetic, reading, composition, history, geography nature study and

others. At this stage of schooling pupils were often placed in A, B, C and

D streams according their abilities. The most able children were put in

the A stream, the list able in the D stream. Till reccantly most junior

shool children had to seat for the eleven-plus examination. It usually

consisted of an arithmetic paper and an entelligent test. According to the

results of the exam children are sent to Grammar, Technical or Secondary

modern schools. So called comprehansive schools began to appear after

World War 2. They are muchly mixed schools which can provide education for

over 1000 pupils. Ideally they provide all the courses given in Grammar,

Technical and Secondary modern schools.

By the law all children must receive full-time education between the ages

of 5 and 16. Formally each child can remain a school for a further 2 or 3

years and continue his studies in the sixth form up to the age of 18 or

19. The course is usually subdevided into the lower 6 and the upper 6. The

corricular is narrowed to 5 subjects of which a pupil can choose 2 or 3.

The main examinations for secondary school pupils are general certeficate

of education (the GCE) exam and certificate of secondary education (the

CSE) exam. The GSE exam is held at two levels: ordinary level (0 level)

and advanced level (A level).

Candidats set for 0 level papers at 15 - 16 years away. GCE level is

usually taken at the end on the sixth form. The CSE level exam is taken

after 5 years of secondary education by the pupils who are of everage

abilities of their age.

My future profession

What I would like to become? This question pasels me greatly. Every job

has its elements of difficulties and interest. I think that nearly all the

professions are very important in life. But to choose the right occupation

is very difficult, because we must take in to consideration many factors.

We must consider our personal taste and our kind of mind. At the same time

we must satisfy the requirements of our society and peoples needs in one

profession or another.

The end of school is the beginning of an independent life, the beginning

of a more serious examination. In order to pass that very serious exam we

must choose the road in life which will help us best to live and work.

Each boy and girl has every opportunity to develop mind and use knowledge

and education received at school. Some may prefer to work in factories or

works, others want to go into construction: to take part in building power

stations and new towns. Many opportunities to work and to satisfy at the

same time the requirements of the society and your own personal interest

are offered in the sfere of the services transport, communications and

many others.

I have a specially liking for to became a programmist. I like this

profession because it very interest.

Art gallereys of London

Speaking about art gallereys of London we should first of all mention The

national gallery, The national portret galerey and The tate gallery. I

would like to tell you about National portret gallery and about Tate

gallery.

The national gallery houses one of the richest and most extensive

collections of painting in the world. It stands to the north of the

Trafalgar Square. the gallerey was desighned by William Wilkins and build

in 1834-37. The collection covers all schools and periods of painting, but

is a specially famous for it\'s examples of Rembrant and Rubents. The

british schools is only moderately represented as the national collections

are shared with the Tate gallerey. The National gallerey was founded in

1824 when the government bought the collection of John Angerstein which

included 38 paintings.

The Tate gallery houses the national collection of british painting from

the 16-th century to the present day. It is also the national gallerey for

modern art, including painting and sculpture made in Britain, Europe,

America and other countries. It was opened in 1897 as the national

gallerey of british art. It owes it\'s establishment to Suie Henritate who

built the gallerey and gave his own collection of 65 painting.

British theatres

Until reccently the history of the english theatre has been build around

actors rather then companies. It has been hard to find any London theatre

that even had a consistent policy. There are no permanent staff in British

theatres. Apply is rehearsed for a few weeks by a company of actors

working together mostly for the first time and it is allowed to run as

long as it draws the odious and pays it\'s way.

Another peculiarity of the theatres in Great Britain is an follows: there

are two kinds of seats, which can be booked an advanced (bookable), and

unbookable once have no numbers and the spectators occupy them on the

principal: first come - first served. And ancient times plays were acted

inside churches and later on the market places.

The first theatre in England \"The Blackfries\" build in 1576, and \"The

Globe\" build in 1599, which is closely connected with William Shakespeare.

Speaking about our times we should first of all mention \"The English

National theatre\",\"The Royal Shakespeare company\" and \"Covent Garden\".

\"Covent Garden\" used to be a fashionable promenade - it was, before then,

a convent garden - but when it became overrun with flower-sellers,

orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the people moved to more exclusive

surroundings farther west, such as \"St. Jame\'s Square\".

The first \"Covent Garden theatre\" was build in 1732. It was burnt down in

1808 and rebuild exactly a year after. It opened in September 1809, with

Shakespeare\'s \"Macbeth\". Since the middle of the last century \"Covent

Garden\" became exclusively devoted to opera.

Now \"Covent Garden\" in busier than ever, it is one of the few well-known

opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it employs over 600 people

both of the Opera company and the Royal Ballet.

THE NATIONAL THEATRE

It took over the hundred years to establish a national theatre company.

It\'s first director from 1962 was Lawrence Olivier. This is the first

state theatre Britain has ever had. A special building for it was opened

in 1976. It has three theatres in one: \"The Oliver theatre\", the biggest

is for the main classical repertoire; \"The Lyttilton\", a bit smaller is

for new writing and for visiting foreigh countries and \"The Cottesloe

theatre\", the smallest is used for experimental writing and productions.

\"The Royal Shakespeare company\" are devided between the country and the

capital and it\'s produces plays mainly by Shakespeare and his

contempraries when it performs is \"Stratford -on-Avon\", and modern plays

in it\'s two auditoria in the Cities, Barbican centre.

Moscow theatres

For decades Moscow has had a reputation as a city of theatres. The birth

plays of the historic \"Bolshoy\", \"Maly\" and \"Moscow Art\" theatres the city

has been and steel is a centre for the development exploretary modern

ideas in the dramatic art and is famous for it\'s great number of

highlygifted, interesting directors, actors, playwrigts and artists.

Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open to streams of

theatre-gowers. The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves to developing

the principals of directing and acting laid down by Stanislavsky,

Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov and others. The discoveries and

successes of Moscow theatres today exists due to experience and triumphs

of preceding generations.

I\'d like to tell you about the Bolshoy Theatre. The magestic building of

the Bolshoy Theatre stands in Theatre Square in Moscow\'s central quater,

not far from Kremlin. This is the leading Russian opera house with the

best vocalists and choreographers in it\'s company.

The Bolshoi traces it\'s history to 1776 when a standing opera company was

organized in Moscow. The first opera shown in Bolshoi theatre was opera

\"life of tsar\" (now \"Ivan Susanin\"). At later times operas by

Dargomyzhsky, Serov, Tcaikovsky, Borodin, Moussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and

Rubinstein were produced here.

At the same time the Bolshoi company staged the best operas and ballets by

West European composers-Mozart, Rossini, Weber, Verdi and others.

The bolshoi ballet company enjoys well-deserved fame as the world\'s

finest. This is equally true of it\'s brilliant realistic style of

perfomance and repertoire.

My favorite painter

One of my favorite artists is Rembrant is the greatest Dutch master, one

of the supreme geneuses in the history of art. To this day the art of

Rembrant remains one of the most profound witness of the progress of the

soul in it\'s earthly pilgrimage towards the realisation of higher destiny.

The son of the prosperous miller, Rembrant was born in Leiden in 1608. He

studied at Leiden University, but his real vocation was painting. His

rapid sugsess promoted him to move to the Amsterdam in 1631.

In 1632 Rembrant bought a splendid house, started a collection of

paintings and rarities.

The universal artist dealt with many world subjects. Rembrant created a

number of portraits and some group portraits which were traditional to the

Dutch art. The best of them are \"Anatomy lesson of Dr. Tulp\" and \"The

night watch\".

In 1655 Rembrant found himself in the midst of several financial troubles.

At that period he painted \"The Polish Rider\", which is an allegory of the

man\'s earthly journey.

Probably in 1669, the year of his own death, Rembrant painted his famous

\"Return of the Prological son\", which stands at the ultimate peak of

Cristian spirituality, illuminating the relationship of the self to the

eternity.

The biblical theme was very important to Rembrant. He painted \"Artakserks,

Oman and Eshpir\", \"The Saint Family\".

Rembrant was not understood when he was alive. He died in poverty. But it

is the spirituality of his art that distinguishes Rembrant from his Dutch

contemporaries making him the greatest artist of the world.

Art in Moscow

Speaking about art gallereys of Moscow we must mention the most famous

gallereys.

The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the best known picture gallereys in

Russia. It takes it\'s name from it\'s founder Pavel Tretyakov, a Moscow

mercant. In the 19\'th century Tretyakov began to collect russian

paintings. He visitet all the exibitions and art studios and bought the

best pictures. Little by little Tretyakov extended his interests and began

to collect earlier Russian paintings. In 1881 Tretyakov opened in St.

Peterburg his collection to the public, 11 years later he donated it to

the city of Moscow. Since then the gallerey has received hundred paintings

from other museums and private collections. The Tretyakov gallerey

reflects the whole history of Russian paintings from 11\'th century to the

present day. The gallery contains such halls devon-ded to the works of

18\'th century painters, as Рокотов, Левитский, Боровиковский. The first

half of the 19\'th century is reprisentive by brilliant paintings by

Брюллов, Веницианов and others. The gallery has the best collection of

\"передвиженники\" , such as Кромской, Перов, and such

great names as Суриков, Репин, Вознецов, Левитан.

Also I\'d like to tell you about state pushkin museum of fine art. The

building was built in Greek stile by Roman Klein in 1898 - 1912 to house a

museum of fine art, founded of initiative of professor Ivan Cvetayev.

Since 1937 it has be known as The Puskin museum of fine art. It has one of

the worlds largest ancient collections of european art. Now the picture

gallerey has over 2 thousands works of various schools of painting which

enaibous us to understand and appreciate the variaty of staills over the

centuries.

The Pushkin museum pereodically hald\'s exibition of the art of various

countries and of individual outstanding artist of past and present.

Theatres, music halls and cinemas

Theatres are very much the same in London as anywhere else; the chief

theatres ,music halls and cinemas are in the West End. If you are staying

in London for a few days, you\'ll have no difficulty whatever in finding

somewhere to spend an enjoyable evening. You\'ll find opera, balley,

comedy, drama, revue, musical comedy and variety. Films are shown in the

cinemas during the greatest part of the day.

The best seats at theatres are those in the stalls, the circle and the

upper circle. Then comes the pit, and the last of all the gallery where

the seats are cheapest. Boxes, of course, are the most expensive. Most

theatres and music halls have good orchestras with popular conductors.

You ought to make a point of going to the opera at least once during the

season if you can. There you can get the best of everything - an exellent

orchestras, famous conductors, celebated singers and well dressed

audience. But, of course, if you are not fond of music and singing, won\'t

interest you.

At the West End theatres you can see most of the famous English actors and

actresses. As a rule, the plays are magnificently staged - costumes,

dresses, scenery, everything being done of the most lavish scale. Choose a

good play, and you\'ll enjoy yourself thoroughly from the moment the

curtain goes up to the end of the last act. Get your seats beforehand,

either at the box-office of theatre itself or at one of the agencies. When

you go to a theatre, you\'ll probably want to seat as near to the stage as

possible. But if you are at the cinema, you may prefer to seat some

distance from the screen. In fact, I would say, the further away the

better.

Music in our life

Music - it art, reflecting validity in sound art images, one of the forms

of public ideology. Having by powerful force direct emotional effect,

music during of all history of man-kind plays a huge social, cultural and

educational role.

Leading composers are connected to progressive public movements, life,

interests and aspirations people. Each nations differs by peculiar

national features. Folk music, being improved by creative efforts of many

generations of the people, reaches a high degree of art maturity. On the

basis of riches of national music professional musical creativity of

composers is developed. Rejection of music from advanced ideas epoch of

national culture, national roots of art leads to it\'s to decline and

degeneration.

Idea emotional contents of music is passed through sound art images,

implemented in musical sounds. The basis of music is the tune. According

to the way of performance music is devided into 2 main branches:

instrumental and vocal.

There are a great number of different styles of music, such as Jazz, Pop,

Rock, Classic; and new musical directions. One of the new music directions

is Rave. I prefer to listen hard-core and more quiet music such as Roxette

and others.

Now days the number of music styles is growing, and every young people,

which are fond of music can easily choose that style which appeals to

them.

The use of computers

Just as television has extended human sight across a barriers of time and

distance, so the computers extend the power of the human mind across the

existing barriers.

Computers in medicine

Computers are one of the great importance in modern hospital. The chief

use of computers is the storing and sorting the medical knowledge which

has been equired in the last 50 years. No doctor can possible keep up with

all discoveries. The only solution of the problem is store medical

knowledge in a computer. Today there are medical computer centers were all

existing knowledge of simpthoms of various dessieses and of their

treatment is stored. Doctors feed data on simpthoms in the computer and

get the nessesary information on current diagnostics and treatment.

Computers that can be learn

Ordinary computer can remember only the data stored in the hard disk. Now

scientists have desighned machines, that are capable of learning from

experience and remembarary what they have learned. Such a machine is

capable of recognising objects without human help or control. Of course,

they made many mistakes.

There is another similar machine which can look at letter alphabet a

simple words and they “say” thought a loudes speaker what it has seen. The

machine has as thoughtarn learning power.

Computers at the school

Information science with the ideas and message of processing and storing

informations is of great importance today. That\'s why computer technology

must be told in secondary school. The new subject “basic information

science”, and “computing machine” was intreduste for the siner through the

schools. The pupils teach computers to anlestigate school problems.

Contact with the machine increases the interest in learning, makes them

more serious about studing new subject. School computers are used not only

for studing information science, but also examinations purposes. Young

people who finish must be tried to operate computers.

Exploration

Christopher Columbus

300-400 years ago a great deal of the world was undiscoveried. But now

there seems little more to explore, the wild north was conquered, the

jungle was conquered too. And it seems that all the pages of the great

book called “The Earth” has been filled in, but exploration still goes on.

In the 15th century people knew only 3 continents: Europe, Asia and

Africa. They knew nothing about America. The man who was thought to be the

discoverier of America was born in 1451 in Italy. His name was Cristopher

Columbus.

Knowing that the earth was round he desided to reach India by sailing to

the west. It was very difficult for him to organize an expedition as

nobody wanted to help him. At last the Spanish government gave him some

money. In the 1492 he sailed with 3 small ships in to the Atlantic ocean.

They had been sailing for more than 2 months and at last they saw land.

Columbus was certain that the lands he discoveried were part of India and

he called these islands “The West Indias”. He made 3 voyagers to America.

His last voyage was made in 1502-1504. After that, seriously ill, he

remained in Spain until his death. He died believing that Cuba was part of

Asia. Colum-buse\'s voyagers gave Europe first important knowledge of the

new world. Many places have been named in his honour. America however was

named after another explorer Amerigo Vespucci.

Americus Vespucius (or Amerigo Vespucci, as the name is spelled in

Italian) was born in Florence, Italy, in 1454. He was in Spain at the time

of Columbus\' first and second voyages. In a letter, written in 1504 and

printed in 1505, he claimed to have made four voyages, on the first of

which, in 1497, he explored the South American coast. This would make him

the first European to land on the American continent, for at that time

Columbus had only reached the outlying islands. Most scholars reject

Vespucius\' version of this voyage. Vespucius perhaps did accompany a

Spanish expedition that of Alonzo de Ojeda to South America in 1499, and

in 1501 and 1503 he probably went with Portuguese expeditions. Probably he

never commanded an expedition himself and, of course, was not the first

person to set foot on the continents to which his name is given. Vespucius

died in Seville, Spain, in 1512.

Learning languages

The problem of learning languages is very important today. Foreign

languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the

progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge

and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of

mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed

as the main and most efficient means of information exchange of the people

of our planet.

Today English is the language of the world. Over 350 million people speak

it as a mother tongue. The native speakers of English live in Great

Britain, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. English

is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South

African Republic. As a second language it is used in the former British

and US colonies.

It is the major international language for communication in such areas as

science, technology, business and mass entertainment. English is one of

the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other

political organization. It is the language of the literature, education,

modern music, international tourism.

Russia is integrating into the world community and the problem of learning

English for the purpose of communication is espicially urgent today.

Learning a foreing language is not as easy thing. It is a long and slow

process that takes a lot of time and patience. But to know English is

absolutely necessary for every educated person, for every good specialist.

It is well known that reading books in the original , listening to the BBC

news, communicating with the English speaking people will help a lot. When

learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history of the

native speakers. One must work hard to learn any foreign language.

LONDON, Jack (1876-1916).

The novelist and short-story writer Jack London was, in his lifetime, one

of the most popular authors in the world. After World War I his fame was

eclipsed in the United States by a new generation of writers, but he

remained popular in many other countries, especially in the Soviet Union,

for his romantic tales of adventure mixed with elemental struggles for

survival.

John Griffith London was born in San Francisco on Jan. 12, 1876. His

family was poor, and he was forced to go to work early in life to support

himself. At 17 he sailed to Japan and Siberia on a seal-hunting voyage. He

was largely self-taught, reading voluminously in libraries and spending a

year at the University of California. In the late 1890s he joined the gold

rush to the Klondike. This experience gave him material for his first

book, \'The Son of Wolf\', published in 1900, and for \'Call of the Wild\'

(1903), one of his most popular stories.

In his writing career of 17 years, London produced 50 books and many short

stories. He wrote mostly for money, to meet ever-increasing expenses. His

fame as a writer gave him a ready audience as a spokesman for a peculiar

and inconsistent blend of socialism and racial superiority.

London\'s works, all hastily written, are of uneven quality. The best books

are the Klondike tales, which also include \'White Fang\' (1906) and

\'Burning Daylight\' (1910). His most enduring novel is probably the

autobiographical \'Martin Eden\' (1909), but the exciting \'Sea Wolf\' (1904)

continues to have great appeal for young readers.

In 1910 London settled near Glen Ellen, Calif., where he intended to build

his dream home, \"Wolf House.\" After the house burned down before

completion in 1913, he was a broken and sick man. His death on Nov. 22,

1916, from an overdose of drugs, was probably a suicide.