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f. A Did you go out for a meal with him?

B (not ask)

12. ‘Talking’ versus ‘a talk’

Compare the following sentences.

Talking to someone about a problem usually helps to solve it.

I had a talk with Susan last night.

The gerund is used when we speak in general. To speak about one specific

occasion, we can use some verbs as nouns in the structure have a + noun.

Write two sentences for each of the following words, one with a gerund

and one with have a + noun.

Ride; drink; look; wash; quarrel; walk

13. Noun + preposition

Many nouns are followed by prepositions. Put the correct preposition into

each gap.

a. I got a cheque __________ five hundred pounds in the post today.

b. There has been a rise __________ the number of violent crimes.

c. Have you seen this photo __________ my daughter? Isn’t she beautiful?

d. The difference __________ you and me is that I don’t mind hard work.

e. I can think of no reason __________ such strange behaviour.

f. It took a long time to find a solution __________ the problem.

g. Could you give me some information __________ train times?

h. I’m having trouble __________ my car. It won’t start.

i. She’s doing research __________ the causes of tooth decay.

j. This is a machine __________ grinding coffee.

Unit 6 Reported speech

Report structures: ‘that’-clauses

Main points

o You usually use your own words to report what someone said, rather than

repeating their exact words.

o Report structures contain a reporting clause first, then a reported

clause.

o When you are reporting a statement, the reported clause is a ‘that’-

clause.

o You must mention the hearer with ‘tell’. You need not mention the hearer

with ‘say’.

When you are reporting what someone said, you do not usually repeat their

exact words, you use your own words in a report structure.

Jim said he wanted to go home.

Jim’s actual words might have been ‘It’s time I went’ or ‘I must go’.

Report structures contain two clauses. The first clause is the reporting

clause, which contains a reporting verb such as ‘say’, ‘tell’, or ‘ask’.

She said that she'd been to Belgium.

The man in the shop told me how much it would cost.

You often use verbs that refer to people’s thoughts and feelings to report

what people say. If someone says ‘I am wrong’, you might report this as ‘He

felt that he was wrong’.

The second clause in a report structure is the reported clause, which

contains the information that you are reporting. The reported clause can be

a ‘that’-clause, a ‘to’-infinitive clause, an ‘if’-clause, or a ‘wh’-word

clause.

She said that she didn't know.

He told me to do it.

Mary asked if she could stay with us.

She asked where he'd gone.

If you want to report a statement, you use a ‘that’-clause after a verb

such as ‘say’.

He said that he would go.

I replied that I had not read it yet.

You often omit ‘that’ from the ‘that’-clause, but not after ‘answer’,

‘argue’, ‘explain’, or ‘reply’.

They said I had to see a doctor first.

He answered that the price would be three pounds.

You often mention the hearer after the preposition ‘to’ with the following

verbs.

He complained to me that you were rude.

‘Tell’ and some other reporting verbs are also used with a 'that'-clause,

but with these verbs you have to mention the hearer as the object of the

verb.

He told me that he was a farmer.

I informed her that I could not come.

The word ‘that’ is often omitted after ‘tell’.

I told them you were at the dentist.

You can also mention the hearer as the object of the verb with ‘promise’

and ‘warn’.

I promised her that I wouldn't be late.

Note the differences between ‘say’ and ‘tell’. You cannot use ‘say’ with

the hearer as the object of the verb. You cannot say ‘I said them you had

gone’. You cannot use ‘tell’ without the hearer as the object of the verb.

You cannot say ‘I told that you had gone’. You cannot use ‘tell’ with ‘to’

and the hearer. You cannot say ‘I told to them you had gone’.

The reporting verbs that have the hearer as object, such as ‘tell’, can be

used in the passive.

She was told that there were no tickets left.

Most reporting verbs that do not need the hearer as object, such as ‘say’,

can be used in the passive with impersonal ‘it’ as subject, but not

‘answer’, ‘complain’, ‘insist’, ‘promise’, ‘reply’, or ‘warn’.

It was said that the money had been stolen.

Other report structures

Main points

o When reporting an order, a request, or a piece of advice, the reported

clause is a 'to'-infinitive clause, used after an object

o When reporting a question, the reported clause is an 'if-clause or a 'wh'-

word clause

o Many reporting verbs refer to people's thoughts and feelings

If you want to report an order a request or a piece of advice you use a

‘to’-infinitive clause after a reporting verb such as ‘tell’ ‘ask’ or

‘advise’. You mention the hearer as the object of the verb before the ‘to’-

infinitive clause.

Johnson told her to wake him up.

He ordered me to fetch the books.

He asked her to marry him.

He advised me to buy it.

If the order request or advice is negative you put ‘not’ before the ‘to’-

infinitive.

He had ordered his officers not to use weapons.

She asked her staff not to discuss it publicly.

Doctors advised him not to play for three weeks.

If the subject of the ‘to’-infinitive clause is the same as the subject of

the main verb you can use ‘ask’ or ‘beg’ to report a request without

mentioning the hearer.

I asked to see the manager.

Both men begged not to be named.

If you want to report a question you use a verb such as ‘ask’ followed by

an ‘if’-clause or a ‘wh’-word clause.

I asked if I could stay with them.

They wondered whether the time was right.

He asked me where I was going.

She inquired how Abraham was getting on.

Note that in reported questions the subject of the question comes before

the verb just as it does in affirmative sentences.

Many reporting verbs refer to people’s thoughts and feelings but are often

used to report what people say. For example if someone says ‘I must go’ you

might report this as ‘She wanted to go’ or ‘She thought she should go’.

Some of these verbs are followed by:

a ‘that’-clause

| | | |d |

We both knew that the town was cut off.

I had always believed that I would see him again.

a ‘to’ infinitive clause

|intend |plan |want |

He doesn’t want to get up.

a ‘that’-clause or a ‘to’-infinitive clause

She hoped she wasn’t going to cry.

They are in love and wish to marry.

‘Expect’ and ‘prefer’ can also be followed by an object and a ‘to’-

infinitive.

I m sure she doesn’t expect you to take the plane.

The headmaster prefers them to act plays they have written themselves.

A speaker's exact words are more often used in stories than in ordinary

conversation

‘I knew I’d seen you,’ I said.

‘Only one replied,’ the Englishman.

‘Let’ s go and have a look at the swimming pool,’ she suggested.

In ordinary conversation it is normal to use a report structure rather than

to repeat someone's exact words.

Practice

1. Match the reports with the actual words used.

Example: 1 – h;

1. They said they had to go.

2. He said he would help if he could.

3. She promised she would visit us.

4. He suggested that we should write to the boss.

5. They insisted we should stay a bit longer.

6. They complained that they were too busy.

7. She mentioned that she had met you.

8. I explained that they should send a letter.

a. ‘You can’t leave yet. It’s only eleven o’clock.’

b. ‘Well, I’ll do whatever I can for you.’

c. ‘If I were you I would get in touch with the manager.’

d. ‘I bumped into your brother in London yesterday.’

e. ‘It’s no good just telephoning. Put something in writing.’

f. ‘I’ll certainly come and see you some time.’

g. ‘We have far too much work at the moment.’

h. ‘I’m afraid it’s time for us to leave.’

2. Use the appropriate form of these verbs to complete the definitions and

examples.

|admit announce argue complain deny mention |

|explain inform |

1. If you __inform__ someone that something is the case, you tell them

about it. EG I __informed__ her that I was unwell and could not come to

her party.

2. If you __________ something, you agree, often reluctantly, that it is

true. EG I must __________ that I had my doubts.

3. When you __________ something, you say that it not true. EG Green

__________ that he had done anything illegal.

4. If you __________ something, you tell people about it publicly or

officially. EG It was __________ that the Prime Minister would speak on

television that evening.

5. If you __________ , you tell someone about a situation affecting you

that is wrong or unsatisfactory. EG He __________ that the office was not

‘businesslike’.

6. If you __________ something, you say it, but do not spend long talking

about it. EG I __________ to Tom that I was thinking of going back to

work.

7. If you __________ something, you describe it so that it can be

understood. EG He __________ that they had to buy a return ticket.

8. If you __________ that something is the case, you state your opinion

about it and give reasons why you think it is true. EG Some people

__________ that nuclear weapons have helped to keep the peace.

3. Use one of the words given in brackets to complete each of the sentences

below.

1. I _explained_ to him that he would have to wait. (explained / told)

2. He __________ me that it was time to go. (mentioned / informed)

3. She __________ to them that they should reconsider their decision.

(suggested / persuaded)

4. We were __________ that you would pay the bill. (told / said)

5. It was __________ that there would be another meeting the following

week. (informed / announced)

6. George __________ to me that he might look in to see me. (promised /

mentioned)

4. Rewrite the sentences below as orders or requests with a ‘to’-infinitive

clause, and the words in brackets.

Example: ‘Do you think you could look after the children?’ (David / ask /

Mary)

David asked Mary to look after the children.

1. ‘I think you should try to get more sleep.’ (John’s doctor / advise /

him)

2. ‘You can come round and see us any time.’ (We / invite / our friends)

3. ‘Will you take the money to the bank, please?’ (Jack / tell / me)

4. ‘Don’t forget to come half an hour early on Tuesday.’ (Mr Brown / remind

/ the students)

5. ‘Please write to me every day.’ (Bill / beg / Maria)

Now do these with not and ‘to’-infinitive clause.

6. ‘You shouldn’t play with fire.’ (I / warn / the children)

7. ‘I don’t think you should go to England in the winter.’ (My grandfather

/ advise / me)

8. ‘You really ought not to go out alone after dark.’ (They / tell / the

visitors)

9. ‘Please don’t make an official complaint.’ (The manger / persuade / her)

5. Now do these sentences with ask and a ‘wh'-word clause.

Example: ‘What time does the match start please?’ (I / a policeman)

I asked a policeman what time the match started.

1. ‘Where are you going to spend the holiday?’ (Joe / Mary)

2. ‘Why are the tickets so expensive?’ (Everybody / us)

3. ‘How old are Mary’s children?’ (Frank / his wife)

4. ‘Who’s going to buy your house?’ (Mrs Jones / her neighbour)

5. ‘When are you planning to come to Darlington?’ (Bill / his friend)

6. ‘What are you going to do next?’ (I / Maria)

7. ‘Were can I get the bus to Liverpool?’ (Peter / a policeman)

6. In this exercise you have to write what you would say in these

situations.

Example: Ann says ‘I’m tired’. Five minutes later she says ‘Let’s play

tennis’. What do you say? You said you were tired.

1. Your friend says ‘I’m hungry’ so you go to a restaurant. When you get

there he says ‘I don’t want to eat’. What do you say? You said

2. Tom tells you ‘Ann has gone away’. Later that day you meet her. What do

you say?

Tom told

3. George said ‘I don’t smoke’. A few days later you see him smoking a

cigarette. What do you say to him? You said

4. You arranged to meet Jack. He said ‘I won’t be late’. At last he arrives

– 20 minutes late. What do you say? You

5. Sue said ‘I can’t come to the party tonight’. That night you see her at

the party. What do you say to her?

6. Ann says ‘I’m working tomorrow evening’. Later that day she says ‘Let’s

go out tomorrow evening’. What do you say?

7. Now you have to read a sentence and write a new sentence with the same

meaning.

Example: ‘Listen carefully’, he said to us. He told us to listen carefully.

1. ‘Eat more fruit and vegetables’, the doctor said.

2. ‘Read the instructions before you switch on the machine’, he said to me.

3. ‘Shut the door but don’t lock it’, she said to us.

4. ‘Can you speak more slowly? I can’t understand’, he said to me.

5. ‘Don’t come before 6 o’clock’, I said to him.

Unit 7 Conditionals

Conditional clauses using ‘if’

Main points

o You use conditional clauses to talk about a possible situation and its

results.

o Conditional clauses can begin with ‘if’.

o A conditional clause needs a main clause to make a complete sentence. The

conditional clause can come before or after the main clause.

You use conditional clauses to talk about a situation that might possibly

happen and to say what its results might be.

You use ‘if’ to mention events and situations that happen often, that may

happen in the future, that could have happened in the past but did not

happen, or that are unlikely to happen at all.

If the light comes on, the battery is OK.

I'll call you if I need you.

If I had known. I'd have told you.

If she asked me, I'd help her.

When you are talking about something that is generally true or happens

often, you use a present or present perfect tense in the main clause and

the conditional clause.

If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.

If an advertisement does not tell the truth, the advertiser is committing

an offence.

If the baby is crying, it is probably hungry.

If they have lost any money, they report it to me.

Warning: You do not use the present continuous in both clauses. You do not

say ‘If they are losing money, they are getting angry.’

When you use a conditional clause with a present or present perfect tense,

you often use an imperative in the main clause.

Wake me up if you’re worried.

If he has finished, ask him to leave quietly.

If you are very early, don’t expect them to be ready.

When you are talking about something which may possibly happen in the

future, you use a present or present perfect tense in the conditional

clause, and the simple future in the main clause

If I marry Celia, we will need the money.

If you are going to America, you will need a visa.

If he has done the windows, he will want his money.

Warning: You do not normally use ‘will’ in conditional clauses. You do not

say ‘If I will see you tomorrow, I will give you the book.’

When you are talking about something that you think is unlikely to happen,

you use the past simple or past continuous in the conditional clause and

‘would’ in the main clause.

If I had enough money, I would buy the car.

If he was coming, he would ring.

Warning: You do not normally use ‘would’ in conditional clauses. You do not

say ‘If I would do it, I would do it like this.’

‘Were’ is sometimes used instead of ‘was’ in the conditional clause,

especially after ‘I’.

If I were as big as you, I would kill you.

If I weren’t so busy, I would do it for you.

You often say ‘If I were you’ when you are giving someone advice.

If I were you, I would take the money.

I should keep out of Brendan's way if I were you.

When you are talking about something which could have happened in the past

but which did not actually happen, you use the past perfect in the

conditional clause. In the main clause, you use ‘would have’ and a past

participle.

If he had realised that, he would have run away.

I wouldn’t have been so depressed if I had known how common this feeling

is.

Warning: You do not use ‘would have’ in the conditional clause. You do not

say ‘If I would have seen him, I would have told him.’

Practice

1. Put the verb into the correct form

1. You (to speak) better if you (to be) more attentive.

2. If he (to understand) the situation, he (to act) differently.

3. He (to catch) the train if he (to make haste).

4. If I (to be) you, I (to consider) the matter settled.

5. If only he (to be) here, he (can) tell you.

6. If I (to be) in your place, I (to think) as you do.

7. He not (to do) it if you not (to help) him.

8. If he (to be) present, he (may) object.

9. She (to come) to see you if she not (to be tired).

10. If I (to get) the tickets before twelve o'clock, I (to come) straight

home.

1. I think that if we (to take shelter) under these trees, we not (to get

wet).

2. If I (to hesitate) much longer before getting into the water, he not (to

let) me swim at all today.

3. If she (to come) earlier, she (to have been able) to see him before he

went out.

4. He (to go) for a ride with you, if he (to repair) his bicycle.

5. If a year ago the sailors (to be told) they were to undertake a trip of

this sort, they (to be surprised).

6. If he (to be) present, this not (to occur).

7. If the storm not (to rage), the ship (to leave) the harbour last night.

8. If our telephone not (to be) out of order, I (to ring) you up this

morning.

9. If you (to come) between two and three yesterday, you (to find) me at

home.

10. If I (to have) to carry that heavy box, I (to be) obliged to drop it

after five minutes.

11. I not (to go) to sleep over that book if it not (to be) so dull.

12. If I (to know) you (to come), I of course (to stay) at home.

13. If anyone (to say) such a thing to me, I (to feel) hurt.

14. We never (to solve) the riddle, if you not (to put) us on the track.

2. Open the brackets

1. If I had known that you were in hospital I (visit) you.

2. If I (know) that you were coming I'd have baked a cake.

3. If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat.

4. You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) here last week.

5. I wouldn't have believed it if I (not see) it with my own eyes.

6. I (offer) to help him if I had realised that he was ill.

7. If I (realise) what a bad driver you were I wouldn't have come with you.

8. If I had realised that the traffic lights were red I (stop).

9. The hens (not get) into the house if you had shut the door.

10. If he had known that the river was dangerous lie (not try) to swim

across it.

11. If you (speak) more slowly he might have understood you.

12. If lie had known the whole story he not be) so angry.

13. If I (try) again I think that I would have succeeded.

14. You (not get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions.

15. If I (be) ready when he called he would have taken me with him.

16. If she had listened to my directions she (not turn) down the wrong

street.

17. If you (look) at the engine for a moment you would have seen what was

missing.

18. I (take) a taxi if I had realised that it was such a long way.

19. You (save) me a lot of trouble if you had told me where you were going.

20. If you (not sneeze) he wouldn't have known that we were there.

1. If I (see) you in the street yesterday, of course I (say) "Good

morning."

2. I'm sorry I threw the newspaper away. I (not throw) it away if I (know)

you had wanted it.

3. Why didn't you ask me to help you? -Of course I (help) you if you (ask)

me to.

4. I'm sorry I couldn't come to the cinema with you last Friday. - I (come)

if I (not be) so busy.

5. I (not cleave) the office early yesterday if I (not finish) my work.

3. Match these parts to make conditional sentences.

Example: 1 – j

1. Dan might help you ... a ... if they are enjoying themselves.

2. You are sure to be late ... b ... if I can remember her phone number.

3. You'll enjoy the Jacques Tatty film ... c ... if you miss the bus.

4. They always stay out late ... d ... if you don't want to.

5. They'll understand it all right... e ... if you phone while I'm out.

6. I'll give her a call ... f ... if you explain it to them.

7. Bill will take a message ... g ... if I have the time.

8. I'll do the shopping ... h ... if you don't have a ticket.

9. You can't get in ... i ... if you can understand French.

10. You needn't come to the party ... j ... if you ask him.

4. Complete these sentences by putting the verb in brackets in the right

tense.

Example: If you …ask… Liz, she will tell you what to do. (ask)

1. He's going to visit some friends in Athens if he time. (have)

2. You shouldn't interrupt them if they (work)

3. Maria will get you some money if she to the bank. (go)

4. I'll have a word with Jack if he at home. (be)

5. Match these parts to make conditional sentences.

Example: 1 – i

1. If I had their address ... a ... it would cost over Ј650.

2. If you saw her now ... b ... you might earn a bit more money.

3. If I took more exercise … c ... I could probably stay with Michael.

4. If you got a new job … d ... she must have been out at work.

5. If you asked Heather … e ... she would give you a certificate.

6. If I travelled first class … f ... she would probably give you a lift.

7. If it was a little warmer … g ... we could go for a swim.

8. If she didn't answer the phone … h ... I might lose a bit of weight.

9. If you went to the doctor … i ... I could write and ask them.

10. If I stopped off in Ankara … j ... you would hardly recognise her.

Conditional clauses using modals and 'unless'

Main points

o You can use a modal in a conditional clause.

o You use 'unless' to mention an exception to what you are saying.

You sometimes use modals in conditional clauses. In the main clause, you

can still use a present tense for events that happen often, ‘will’ for

events that are quite likely in the future, ‘would’ for an event that is

unlikely to happen, and ‘would have’ for events that were possible but did

not happen.

If he can’t come, he usually phones me.

If they must have it today, they will have to come back at five o’clock.

If I could only find the time, I’d do it gladly.

If you could have seen him. you would have laughed too.

‘Should’ is sometimes used in conditional clauses to express greater

uncertainty.

If any visitors should come, I'll say you aren't here.

You can use other modals besides ‘will’, ‘would’ and ‘would have’ in the

main clause with their usual meanings.

She might phone me, if she has time.

You could come. if you wanted to.

If he sees you leaving, he may cry.

Note that you can have modals in both clauses: the main clause and the

conditional clause.

If he can't come, he will phone.

In formal English, if the first verb in a conditional clause is ‘had’,

‘should’, or ‘were’, you can put the verb at the beginning of the clause

and omit 'if. For example, instead of saying ‘If he should come. I will

tell him you are sick’, it is possible to say ‘Should he come, I will tell

him you are sick’.

Should ministers decide to hold an inquiry, we would welcome it.

Were it all true, it would still not excuse their actions.

Had I known. I would not have done it.

When you want to mention an exception to what you are saying, you use a

conditional clause beginning with ‘unless’.

You will fail your exams. You will fail your exams unless you work harder.

Note that you can often use ‘if...not’ instead of ‘unless’.

You will fail your exams if you do not work harder.

When you use ‘unless’, you use the same tenses that you use with ‘if’.

She spends Sundays in the garden unless the weather is awful.

We usually walk, unless we're going shopping.

He will not let you go unless he is forced to do so.

You wouldn't believe it, unless you saw it.

‘If’ and ‘unless’ are not the only ways of beginning conditional clauses.

You can also use ‘as long as’, ‘only if’, ‘provided’, ‘provided that’,

‘providing’, ‘providing that’, or ‘so long as’. These expressions are all

used to indicate that one thing only happens or is true if another thing

happens or is true.

I will come only if nothing is said to the press.

She was prepared to come, provided that she could bring her daughter.

Providing they remained at a safe distance, we would be all right.

Detergent cannot harm a fabric, so long as it has been properly dissolved.

We were all right as long as we kept our heads down.

Practice

1. Rewrite these sentences as conditionals.

Example: I can’t write to her because I don’t have her address.

I could write to her, if I had her address.

1. I’d like to go abroad but I can’t afford it.

2. I’m not going to buy that car because it's so expensive.

3. We can’t go out because it’s raining.

4. She won’t come to the party because she’s away on holiday.

5. The central heating isn't working so we can’t turn it on.

2. Rewrite these sentences as conditionals.

Example: Unfortunately I didn’t see him, so I couldn’t give him your

message.

If I had seen him, I could have given him your message.

1. Unfortunately he didn’t pass his exams or he might have gone to

university.

2. He didn’t realise what was happening or he would have run away.

3. Fortunately I didn’t hear what she said or I would have been very angry.

4. They got in because you didn’t lock the door properly.

5. It only happened because you didn’t follow the instructions.

6. Luckily she didn’t find out or she would have been furious.

7. It's lucky we booked a room or we would have had nowhere to stay.

8. It’s a good job we weren’t going any faster or someone could have been

killed.

9. He was so tired that he went home at lunchtime.

3. Match the two parts of these conditional sentences.

Example: 1 – g

1. You can borrow the money ...

2. He'll probably get lost. ...

3. Had I known you were coming. ...

4. George says he will come, ...

5. You are not allowed to park in the school,

6. Should he telephone while I'm out, ...

7. Henry Ford said you could have any colour you wanted, ...

8. Fred will be at school next week, …

a ... I would have invited you to lunch.

b ... would you ask him to call back later?

c ... provided he has recovered from his cold.

d ... unless you are a member of staff.

e ... as long as it was black.

f ... provided he can stay overnight.

g ... so long as you promise to pay it back.

h ... unless someone shows him the way.

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