Биография Вильяма Шекспира (SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM), подробный обзор его творчества. Сюжет и содержание произведения Ромео и Джульетта

SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM

Shakespeare the man

LIFE

Although the amount of factual knowledge available about Shakespeare is

surprisingly large for one of his station in life, many find it a little

disappointing, for it is mostly gleaned from documents of an official

character. Dates of baptisms, marriages, deaths, and burials; wills,

conveyances, legal processes, and payments by the court--these are the

dusty details. There are, however, a fair number of contemporary allusions

to him as a writer, and these add a reasonable amount of flesh and blood to

the biographical skeleton.

Early life in Stratford.

The parish register of Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon,

Warwickshire, shows that he was baptized there on April 26, 1564; his

birthday is traditionally celebrated on April 23. His father, John

Shakespeare, was a burgess of the borough, who in 1565 was chosen an

alderman and in 1568 bailiff (the position corresponding to mayor, before

the grant of a further charter to Stratford in 1664). He was engaged in

various kinds of trade and appears to have suffered some fluctuations in

prosperity. His wife, Mary Arden, of Wilmcote, Warwickshire, came from an

ancient family and was the heiress to some land. (Given the somewhat rigid

social distinctions of the 16th century, this marriage must have been a

step up the social scale for John Shakespeare.)

Stratford enjoyed a grammar school of good quality, and the education there

was free, the schoolmaster's salary being paid by the borough. No lists of

the pupils who were at the school in the 16th century have survived, but it

would be absurd to suppose the bailiff of the town did not send his son

there. The boy's education would consist mostly of Latin studies--learning

to read, write, and speak the language fairly well and studying some of the

classical historians, moralists, and poets. Shakespeare did not go on to

the university, and indeed it is unlikely that the tedious round of logic,

rhetoric, and other studies then followed there would have interested him.

Instead, at the age of 18 he married. Where and exactly when are not known,

but the episcopal registry at Worcester preserves a bond dated November 28,

1582, and executed by two yeomen of Stratford, named Sandells and

Richardson, as a security to the bishop for the issue of a license for the

marriage of William Shakespeare and "Anne Hathaway of Stratford," upon the

consent of her friends and upon once asking of the banns. (Anne died in

1623, seven years after Shakespeare. There is good evidence to associate

her with a family of Hathaways who inhabited a beautiful farmhouse, now

much visited, two miles from Stratford.) The next date of interest is found

in the records of the Stratford church, where a daughter, named Susanna,

born to William Shakespeare, was baptized on May 26, 1583. On February 2,

1585, twins were baptized, Hamnet and Judith. (The boy Hamnet,

Shakespeare's only son, died 11 years later.)

How Shakespeare spent the next eight years or so, until his name begins to

appear in London theatre records, is not known. There are stories--given

currency long after his death--of stealing deer and getting into trouble

with a local magnate, Sir Thomas Lucy of Charlecote, near Stratford; of

earning his living as a schoolmaster in the country; of going to London and

gaining entry to the world of theatre by minding the horses of

theatregoers; it has also been conjectured that Shakespeare spent some time

as a member of a great household and that he was a soldier, perhaps in the

Low Countries. In lieu of external evidence, such extrapolations about

Shakespeare's life have often been made from the internal "evidence" of his

writings. But this method is unsatisfactory: one cannot conclude, for

example, from his allusions to the law that Shakespeare was a lawyer; for

he was clearly a writer, who without difficulty could get whatever

knowledge he needed for the composition of his plays.

Career in the theatre.

The first reference to Shakespeare in the literary world of London comes in

1592, when a fellow dramatist, Robert Greene, declared in a pamphlet

written on his deathbed:

There is an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his

Tygers heart wrapt in a Players hide supposes he is as well able to

bombast out a blank verse as the best of you; and, being an absolute

Johannes Factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a

country.

It is difficult to be certain what these words mean; but it is clear that

they are insulting and that Shakespeare is the object of the sarcasms. When

the book in which they appear (Greenes groats-worth of witte, bought with a

million of repentance, 1592) was published after Greene's death, a mutual

acquaintance wrote a preface offering an apology to Shakespeare and

testifying to his worth. This preface also indicates that Shakespeare was

by then making important friends. For, although the puritanical city of

London was generally hostile to the theatre, many of the nobility were good

patrons of the drama and friends of actors. Shakespeare seems to have

attracted the attention of the young Henry Wriothesley, the 3rd earl of

Southampton; and to this nobleman were dedicated his first published poems,

Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece.

One striking piece of evidence that Shakespeare began to prosper early and

tried to retrieve the family fortunes and establish its gentility is the

fact that a coat of arms was granted to John Shakespeare in 1596. Rough

drafts of this grant have been preserved in the College of Arms, London,

though the final document, which must have been handed to the Shakespeares,

has not survived. It can scarcely be doubted that it was William who took

the initiative and paid the fees. The coat of arms appears on Shakespeare's

monument (constructed before 1623) in the Stratford church. Equally

interesting as evidence of Shakespeare's worldly success was his purchase

in 1597 of New Place, a large house in Stratford, which as a boy he must

have passed every day in walking to school.

It is not clear how his career in the theatre began; but from about 1594

onward he was an important member of the company of players known as the

Lord Chamberlain's Men (called the King's Men after the accession of James

I in 1603). They had the best actor, Richard Burbage; they had the best

theatre, the Globe; they had the best dramatist, Shakespeare. It is no

wonder that the company prospered. Shakespeare became a full-time

professional man of his own theatre, sharing in a cooperative enterprise

and intimately concerned with the financial success of the plays he wrote.

Unfortunately, written records give little indication of the way in which

Shakespeare's professional life molded his marvellous artistry. All that

can be deduced is that for 20 years Shakespeare devoted himself assiduously

to his art, writing more than a million words of poetic drama of the

highest quality.

Private life.

Shakespeare had little contact with officialdom, apart from walking--

dressed in the royal livery as a member of the King's Men--at the

coronation of King James I in 1604. He continued to look after his

financial interests. He bought properties in London and in Stratford. In

1605 he purchased a share (about one-fifth) of the Stratford tithes--a fact

that explains why he was eventually buried in the chancel of its parish

church. For some time he lodged with a French Huguenot family called

Mountjoy, who lived near St. Olave's Church, Cripplegate, London. The

records of a lawsuit in May 1612, due to a Mountjoy family quarrel, show

Shakespeare as giving evidence in a genial way (though unable to remember

certain important facts that would have decided the case) and as

interesting himself generally in the family's affairs.

No letters written by Shakespeare have survived, but a private letter to

him happened to get caught up with some official transactions of the town

of Stratford and so has been preserved in the borough archives. It was

written by one Richard Quiney and addressed by him from the Bell Inn in

Carter Lane, London, whither he had gone from Stratford upon business. On

one side of the paper is inscribed: "To my loving good friend and

countryman, Mr. Wm. Shakespeare, deliver these." Apparently Quiney thought

his fellow Stratfordian a person to whom he could apply for the loan of 30--

a large sum in Elizabethan money. Nothing further is known about the

transaction, but, because so few opportunities of seeing into Shakespeare's

private life present themselves, this begging letter becomes a touching

document. It is of some interest, moreover, that 18 years later Quiney's

son Thomas became the husband of Judith, Shakespeare's second daughter.

Shakespeare's will (made on March 25, 1616) is a long and detailed

document. It entailed his quite ample property on the male heirs of his

elder daughter, Susanna. (Both his daughters were then married, one to the

aforementioned Thomas Quiney and the other to John Hall, a respected

physician of Stratford.) As an afterthought, he bequeathed his "second-best

bed" to his wife; but no one can be certain what this notorious legacy

means. The testator's signatures to the will are apparently in a shaky

hand. Perhaps Shakespeare was already ill. He died on April 23, 1616. No

name was inscribed on his gravestone in the chancel of the parish church of

Stratford-upon-Avon. Instead these lines, possibly his own, appeared:

Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear

To dig the dust enclosed here.

Blest be the man that spares these stones,

And curst be he that moves my bones.

EARLY POSTHUMOUS DOCUMENTATION

Shakespeare's family or friends, however, were not content with a simple

gravestone, and, within a few years, a monument was erected on the chancel

wall. It seems to have existed by 1623. Its epitaph, written in Latin and

inscribed immediately below the bust, attributes to Shakespeare the worldly

wisdom of Nestor, the genius of Socrates, and the poetic art of Virgil.

This apparently was how his contemporaries in Stratford-upon-Avon wished

their fellow citizen to be remembered.

CHRONOLOGY OF SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS

Despite much scholarly argument, it is often impossible to date a given

play precisely. But there is a general consensus, especially for plays

written 1585-1601, 1605-07, and 1609 onward. The following list of first

performances is based on external and internal evidence, on general

stylistic and thematic considerations, and on the observation that an

output of no more than two plays a year seems to have been established in

those periods when dating is rather clearer than others.

1589-92 Henry VI, Part 1; Henry VI, Part 2; Henry VI, Part 3

1592-93 Richard III, The Comedy of Errors

1593-94 Titus Andronicus, The Taming of the Shrew

1594-95 The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love's Labour's Lost, Romeo and Juliet

1595-96 Richard II, A Midsummer Night's Dream

1596-97 King John, The Merchant of Venice

1597-98 Henry IV, Part 1; Henry IV, Part 2

1598-99 Much Ado About Nothing

c. 1599 Henry V

1599-1600 Julius Caesar, As You Like It

1600-01 Hamlet, The Merry Wives of Windsor

1601-02 Twelfth Night, Troilus and Cressida

1602-03 All's Well That Ends Well

1604-05 Measure For Measure, Othello

1605-06 King Lear, Macbeth

1606-07 Antony and Cleopatra

1607-08 Coriolanus, Timon of Athens

1608-09 Pericles

1609-10 Cymbeline

1610-11 The Winter's Tale

c. 1611 The Tempest

1612-13 Henry VIII, The Two Noble Kinsmen

Shakespeare's two narrative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of

Lucrece, can be dated with certainty to the years when the Plague stopped

dramatic performances in London, in 1592 and 1593-94, respectively, just

before their publication. But the sonnets offer many and various problems;

they cannot have been written all at one time, and most scholars set them

within the period 1593-1600. "The Phoenix and the Turtle" can be dated 1600-

01.

PUBLICATION

During Shakespeare's early career, dramatists invariably sold their plays

to an actor's company, who then took charge of them, prepared working

promptbooks, and did their best to prevent another company or a publisher

from getting copies; in this way they could exploit the plays themselves

for as long as they drew an audience. But some plays did get published,

usually in small books called quartos. Occasionally plays were "pirated,"

the text being dictated by one or two disaffected actors from the company

that had performed it or else made up from shorthand notes taken

surreptitiously during performance and subsequently corrected during other

performances; parts 2 and 3 of the Henry VI (1594 and 1595) and Hamlet

(1603) quartos are examples of pirated, or "bad," texts. Sometimes an

author's "foul papers" (his first complete draft) or his "fair" copy--or a

transcript of either of these--got into a publisher's hands, and "good

quartos" were printed from them, such as those of Titus Andronicus (1594),

Love's Labour's Lost (1598), and Richard II (1597). After the publication

of "bad" quartos of Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet (1597), the Chamberlain's

Men probably arranged for the release of the "foul papers" so that second--

"good"--quartos could supersede the garbled versions already on the market.

This company had powerful friends at court, and in 1600 a special order was

entered in the Stationers' Register to "stay" the publication of As You

Like It, Much Ado About Nothing, and Henry V, possibly in order to assure

that good texts were available. Subsequently Henry V (1600) was pirated,

and Much Ado About Nothing was printed from "foul papers"; As You Like It

did not appear in print until it was included in Mr. William Shakespeares

Comedies, Histories & Tragedies, published in folio (the reference is to

the size of page) by a syndicate in 1623 (later editions appearing in 1632

and 1663).

The only precedent for such a collected edition of public theatre plays in

a handsome folio volume was Ben Jonson's collected plays of 1616.

Shakespeare's folio included 36 plays, 22 of them appearing for the first

time in a good text. (For the Third Folio reissue of 1664, Pericles was

added from a quarto text of 1609, together with six apocryphal plays.) The

First Folio texts were prepared by John Heminge and Henry Condell (two of

Shakespeare's fellow sharers in the Chamberlain's, now the King's, Men),

who made every effort to present the volume worthily. Only about 230 copies

of the First Folio are known to have survived.

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